Ammonia Policy Context and Future Challenges

Autor: Zbigniew Klimont, Helle Vibeke Andersen, Chris Flechard, Michel Sponar, Caroline Raes, Collin Gillespie, Thomas Ellerman, Y. Sim Tang, Mark A. Sutton, Nicholas J. Hutchings, Samantha M.H. Baker, Till Spranger
Přispěvatelé: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Sutton, Mark, Reis, Stefan, Baker, Samantha
Předmět:
Zdroj: Aarhus University
Atmospheric Ammonia
Atmospheric Ammonia, Springer Netherlands, pp.433-443, 2009, ⟨10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_27⟩
Atmospheric Ammonia ISBN: 9781402091209
Spranger, T, Klimont, Z, Sponar, M, Raes, C, Baker, S M H, Sutton, M A, Gillespie, C, Tang, Y S, Andersen, H V, Ellerman, T, Flechard, C & Hutchings, N J 2009, ' Ammonia policy context and future challenges ', Paper presented at UNECE Edinburgh Expert Workshop under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, CLRTAP 2006, Leith, United Kingdom, 04/12/2006-06/12/2006 pp. 433-443 .
Spranger, T, Klimont, Z, Sponar, M, Raes, C, Baker, S M H, Sutton, M A, Gillespie, C, Tang, Y S, Andersen, H V, Ellerman, T, Flechard, C & Hutchings, N J 2009, Ammonia policy context and future challenges . in Atmospheric Ammonia : Detecting Emission Changes and Environmental Impacts . Springer, pp. 433-443 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_27
Spranger, T, Klimont, Z, Sponar, M, Raes, C, Baker, S M H, Sutton, M A, Gillespie, C, Sim Tang, Y, Andersen, H V, Ellermann, T, Flechard, C & Hutchings, N J 2009, Ammonia Policy Context and Future Challenges . in M Sutton, S Reis & S Baker (eds), Atmospheric Ammonia : Detecting emission changes and environemtal impacts. Results of an expert workshop under the convention on longrange transboundary air pollution . Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 433-443 .
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_27⟩
Popis: Ammonia emissions are major contributors to eutrophication and acidification of ecosystems and secondary PM2.5 concentrations in Europe. Reduction of the ammonia emissions in Europe has been on the agenda for more than a decade, first on a national scale, e.g. in Denmark and the Netherlands, followed by international efforts. The latter include the UNECE CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol and EU directives and strategies. This Cross Cutting Group considered the policy context of the ammonia problem, including socio-economic, environmental, institutional and technological aspects. Drawing on the scientific findings and recommendations from the other Working Groups and independent contributions from the participants, the Cross Cutting Group addressed the potential role of different policy options to help mitigate ecosystem and health impacts of ammonia emissions. It also discussed a need to adapt tools used in policy analysis (integrated assessment models, IAMs) and consequently evaluate policies in view of new findings. Ammonia policies are becoming strongly interlinked with a number of other environmental and agricultural policies. In order to avoid the problem of pollution swapping, future policies need to consider these interactions. This in turn calls for extensions the tools currently used, verification of specific elements of the models, adaptation of monitoring networks, targeted measurement programs, but also possible revision of legislation in order to close existing loopholes and increase synergies in addressing nitrogen pollution at large. In that sense, priority should be given to measures aiming at reducing all kinds of nitrogen losses at farm level. Ammonia emission reduction policies must be analysed in a multi-effect (human health, acidification and eutrophication of the ecosystems and related biodiversity loss), multi-media (air, water, soil), multi-scale (hot spots, regional, European, global) framework. Following the recommendation of Working Group on critical levels for ammonia, of lowing the values set (Cape et al. 2009), there is a need for careful evaluation of the representativeness of EMEP model results for ammonia concentration. Another important implication is a need for discussion whether, and if so how the new critical levels will be used in addition to critical loads in formulating air pollution targets. This is particularly true at local or regional levels in regions with spatially variable ammonia emissions and concentrations. Responding to some of the policies like the EU Nitrate Directive or Biodiversity related directives, farmers in certain areas adjusted agricultural practices, e.g., by shifting application of manures from autumn to spring. This leads to changes in seasonal patterns of ammonia concentrations. More attention is needed how to monitor and incorporate impacts of such policies in modelling tools. It is necessary to explore possibilities of considering local biodiversity action plans in larger scale modelling. Strategies exist to integrate them into the European scale, e.g., via the FFH Directive and the Natura2000 network. However, the role of air pollution effects is often not explicitly taken into account even though nitrogen inputs have a large effect on biodiversity: there is room for improvement on local, national and European levels.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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