Tissue uptake, distribution and excretion of brevetoxin-3 after oral and intratracheal exposure in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta and the diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin
Autor: | Gregory D. Bossart, Courtney C. Cocilova, Leanne J. Flewelling, Sarah L. Milton, April A. Granholm |
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Rok vydání: | 2016 |
Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Male Metabolic Clearance Rate Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Harmful Algal Bloom Neurotoxins Terrapin Zoology Administration Oral Fresh Water 010501 environmental sciences Aquatic Science 01 natural sciences Algal bloom Models Biological law.invention 03 medical and health sciences Brevetoxin law Animals Humans Tissue Distribution Turtle (robot) Malaclemys terrapin 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Inhalation Exposure biology Behavior Animal Ecology Oxocins Aquatic animal biology.organism_classification Turtles 030104 developmental biology Sea turtle Organ Specificity Dinoflagellida Florida Female Marine Toxins Karenia brevis Water Pollutants Chemical |
Zdroj: | Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 187 |
ISSN: | 1879-1514 |
Popis: | Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur nearly annually off the west coast of Florida and can impact both humans and wildlife, resulting in morbidity and increased mortality of marine animals including sea turtles. The key organism in Florida red tides is the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that produces a suite of potent neurotoxins referred to as the brevetoxins (PbTx). Despite recent mortality events and rehabilitation efforts, still little is known about how the toxin directly impacts sea turtles, as they are not amenable to experimentation and what is known about toxin levels and distribution comes primarily from post-mortem data. In this study, we utilized the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta and the diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin as model organisms to determine the distribution, clearance, and routes of excretion of the most common form of the toxin, brevetoxin-3, in turtles. Turtles were administered toxin via esophageal tube to mimic ingestion (33.48μg/kg PbTx-3, 3×/week for two weeks for a total of 7 doses) or by intratracheal instillation (10.53μg/kg, 3×/week for four weeks for a total of 12 doses) to mimic inhalation. Both oral and intratracheal administration of the toxin produced a suite of behavioral responses symptomatic of brevetoxicosis. The toxin distributed to all organ systems within 1h of administration but was rapidly cleared out over 24-48h, corresponding to a decline in clinical symptoms. Excretion appears to be primarily through conjugation to bile salts. Histopathological study revealed that the frequency of lesions varied within experimental groups with some turtles having no significant lesions at all, while similar lesions were found in a low number of control turtles suggesting another common factor(s) could be responsible. The overall goal of this research is better understand the impacts of brevetoxin on turtles in order to develop better treatment protocols for sea turtles exposed to HABs. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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