Age of first exposure to American football and long-term neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes
| Autor: | Robert S. Stern, Jesse Mez, Robert C. Cantu, Christopher J. Nowinski, Melissa Mariani, Yorghos Tripodis, Michael L. Alosco, Brett M. Martin, Clifford A. Robbins, J Hayden, Christine M. Baugh, Alicia S. Chua, Michael D. McClean, A B Kasimis, Shannon Conneely, Ann C. McKee, Alcy Torres, Rhoda Au, Julie Stamm, Daniel H. Daneshvar, Christine E. Chaisson |
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| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male medicine.medical_specialty Apathy Football Poison control American football Self-Control Odds Executive Function 03 medical and health sciences Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience 0302 clinical medicine Brain Injuries Traumatic medicine Humans Cognitive Dysfunction Psychiatry Biological Psychiatry Aged Depression Age Factors 030229 sport sciences Odds ratio Middle Aged Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Psychiatry and Mental health Mood Athletic Injuries Original Article medicine.symptom Metacognition Psychology 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Clinical psychology |
| Zdroj: | Translational Psychiatry |
| ISSN: | 2158-3188 |
| DOI: | 10.1038/tp.2017.197 |
| Popis: | Previous research suggests that age of first exposure (AFE) to football before age 12 may have long-term clinical implications; however, this relationship has only been examined in small samples of former professional football players. We examined the association between AFE to football and behavior, mood and cognition in a large cohort of former amateur and professional football players. The sample included 214 former football players without other contact sport history. Participants completed the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT), and self-reported measures of executive function and behavioral regulation (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version Metacognition Index (MI), Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI)), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)) and apathy (Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES)). Outcomes were continuous and dichotomized as clinically impaired. AFE was dichotomized into 2 × increased odds for clinically impaired scores on all measures but BTACT: (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): BRI, 2.16,1.19–3.91; MI, 2.10,1.17–3.76; CES-D, 3.08,1.65–5.76; AES, 2.39,1.32–4.32). Younger AFE predicted increased odds for clinical impairment on the AES (OR, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.76–0.97) and CES-D (OR, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.74–0.97). There was no interaction between AFE and highest level of play. Younger AFE to football, before age 12 in particular, was associated with increased odds for impairment in self-reported neuropsychiatric and executive function in 214 former American football players. Longitudinal studies will inform youth football policy and safety decisions. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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