Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin Echinometra lucunter and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)

Autor: Fernando Sanzi Cortez, Augusto Cesar, Walber Toma, Luciana Lopes Guimarães, Renato Sakai Cid, Vinicius Roveri, Diogo Guedes Vidal, Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis, Flávia Rigos Salgueiro
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2021
Předmět:
Zdroj: Resources
Volume 10
Issue 11
Resources, Vol 10, Iss 114, p 114 (2021)
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)
instacron:RCAAP
ISSN: 2079-9276
DOI: 10.3390/resources10110114
Popis: Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been detected in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world
however, studies focused on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on marine aquatic organisms are still rare. In the present study, the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of 13 ARVs was estimated for surface seawater from Santos Bay, Brazil, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) guidelines. The results indicated that all ARVs need to be assessed for their ecological effects, considering that they all exceeded the EMEA guideline limits (PEC >
0.01 µg L−1). In this sense, three ARVs (namely atazanavir, nevirapine and efavirenz) were selected for the acute and chronic tests with sea urchin (Echinometra lucunter). Furthermore, the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for these three ARVs was also performed by calculating the risk quotient. The acute and chronic toxicity results showed inhibitory concentrations (IC) for the fertilization (IC50
1 h
range: 11.46–84.61 mg L−1) and for the embryo–larval development (IC50
42 h
range: 0.52–0.97 mg L−1) of the sea urchin, respectively. Moreover, the ERA showed that these three ARVs are potentially hazardous for aquatic life in Santos Bay, raising concerns about the continuous introduction of ARVs in aquatic ecosystems. The data presented may contribute to the provision of subsidies for the development of monitoring public policies that aim to reduce the introduction of ARVs into the aquatic environment.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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