Uptake and phytotoxic effect of benzalkonium chlorides in Lepidium sativum and Lactuca sativa
| Autor: | John Palmer, Sheila M. Macfie, Mark Libby, Daniel Winnick, Adnan Khan, Mark W. Sumarah, Madhumita B. Ray |
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| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
0208 environmental biotechnology Lactuca 02 engineering and technology 010501 environmental sciences Management Monitoring Policy and Law 01 natural sciences Plant Roots Lepidium sativum Botany Soil Pollutants Waste Management and Disposal 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Chlorosis biology food and beverages Wilting General Medicine Lettuce biology.organism_classification Hydroponics 6. Clean water 020801 environmental engineering Horticulture Germination Seedlings Shoot Phytotoxicity Benzalkonium Compounds |
| Zdroj: | Journal of environmental management. 206 |
| ISSN: | 1095-8630 |
| Popis: | Cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are used extensively as biocides in hospitals, food processing industries, and personal care products. BACs have the potential to reach the rooting zone of crop plants and BACs might thereby enter the food chain. The two most commonly used BACs, benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride (BDDA) and benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride (BDTA), were tested in a hydroponic system to assess the uptake by and phytotoxicity to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ) and garden cress ( Lepidium sativum L. ) . Individually and in mixture, BACs at concentrations up to 100 mg L −1 did not affect germination; however, emergent seedlings were sensitive at 1 mg L −1 for lettuce and 5 mg L −1 for garden cress. After 12 d exposure to 0.25 mg L −1 BACs, plant dry weight was reduced by 68% for lettuce and 75% for garden cress, and symptoms of toxicity (necrosis, chlorosis, wilting, etc.) were visible. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of BACs in the roots and shoots of both plant species. Although no conclusive relationship was established between the concentrations of six macro- or six micro-nutrients, growth inhibition or BAC uptake, N and Mg concentrations in BAC-treated lettuce were 50% lower than that of control, indicating that BACs might induce nutrient deficiency. Although bioavailability of a compound in hydroponics is significantly higher than that in soil, these results confirm the potential of BACs to harm vascular plants. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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