Visualization of Mad2 Dynamics at Kinetochores, along Spindle Fibers, and at Spindle Poles in Living Cells
| Autor: | Bonnie Howell, Guowei Fang, Edward D. Salmon, Andrew W. Murray, David B. Hoffman |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2000 |
| Předmět: |
Mad2
Mad1 Microinjections Green Fluorescent Proteins Mitosis Cell Cycle Proteins Spindle Apparatus Biology Microtubules Spindle pole body Antibodies Cell Line Fungal Proteins Adenosine Triphosphate Neutralization Tests Mad2 Proteins Animals chromosome Kinetochores Anaphase Fluorescent Dyes Kinetochore Calcium-Binding Proteins Nuclear Proteins Cell Biology Spindle apparatus Cell biology Spindle checkpoint Luminescent Proteins Microscopy Fluorescence spindle checkpoint Original Article cell cycle Indicators and Reagents Carrier Proteins microtubule Protein Binding |
| Zdroj: | The Journal of Cell Biology |
| ISSN: | 1540-8140 0021-9525 |
| Popis: | The spindle checkpoint prevents errors in chromosome segregation by inhibiting anaphase onset until all chromosomes have aligned at the spindle equator through attachment of their sister kinetochores to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. A key checkpoint component is the mitotic arrest-deficient protein 2 (Mad2), which localizes to unattached kinetochores and inhibits activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) through an interaction with Cdc20. Recent studies have suggested a catalytic model for kinetochore function where unattached kinetochores provide sites for assembling and releasing Mad2-Cdc20 complexes, which sequester Cdc20 and prevent it from activating the APC. To test this model, we examined Mad2 dynamics in living PtK1 cells that were either injected with fluorescently labeled Alexa 488-XMad2 or transfected with GFP-hMAD2. Real-time, digital imaging revealed fluorescent Mad2 localized to unattached kinetochores, spindle poles, and spindle fibers depending on the stage of mitosis. FRAP measurements showed that Mad2 is a transient component of unattached kinetochores, as predicted by the catalytic model, with a t(1/2) of approximately 24-28 s. Cells entered anaphase approximately 10 min after Mad2 was no longer detectable on the kinetochores of the last chromosome to congress to the metaphase plate. Several observations indicate that Mad2 binding sites are translocated from kinetochores to spindle poles along microtubules. First, Mad2 that bound to sites on a kinetochore was dynamically stretched in both directions upon microtubule interactions, and Mad2 particles moved from kinetochores toward the poles. Second, spindle fiber and pole fluorescence disappeared upon Mad2 disappearance at the kinetochores. Third, ATP depletion resulted in microtubule-dependent depletion of Mad2 fluorescence at kinetochores and increased fluorescence at spindle poles. Finally, in normal cells, the half-life of Mad2 turnover at poles, 23 s, was similar to kinetochores. Thus, kinetochore-derived sites along spindle fibers and at spindle poles may also catalyze Mad2 inhibitory complex formation. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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