A review of vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene in various food matrices for human consumption
| Autor: | Gertjan Schaafsma, Ton H. J. Naber, Carolien A. Van Loo-Bouwman |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2014 |
| Předmět: |
Vitamin
medicine.medical_treatment Golden rice Medicine (miscellaneous) Institute of medicine Biology Recommended Dietary Allowances chemistry.chemical_compound Functional Food Labelling Western diet Vegetables medicine Animals Humans Plant Oils Food science Vitamin A Mixed diet National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine U.S. Health and Medicine Division Nutrition and Dietetics Hydrolysis Carotene Retinol beta Carotene Dietary Fats United States chemistry Dietary Supplements Food Fortified Nutritive Value |
| Zdroj: | The British journal of nutrition. 111(12) |
| ISSN: | 1475-2662 |
| Popis: | Vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene (VEB) is defined as the amount of ingested β-carotene in μg that is absorbed and converted into 1 μg retinol (vitamin A) in the human body. The objective of the present review was to discuss the different estimates for VEB in various types of dietary food matrices. Different methods are discussed such as mass balance, dose–response and isotopic labelling. The VEB is currently estimated by the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) as 12:1 in a mixed diet and 2:1 in oil. For humans consuming β-carotene dissolved in oil, a VEB between 2:1 and 4:1 is feasible. A VEB of approximately 4:1 is applicable for biofortified cassava, yellow maize and Golden Rice, which are specially bred for human consumption in developing countries. We propose a range of 9:1–16:1 for VEB in a mixed diet that encompasses the IOM VEB of 12:1 and is realistic for a Western diet under Western conditions. For a ‘prudent’ (i.e. non-Western) diet including a variety of commonly consumed vegetables, a VEB could range from 9:1 to 28:1 in a mixed diet. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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