National scale down‐the‐drain environmental risk assessment of oxybenzone in the United States
| Autor: | Kyle S. Roush, Susan A. Csiszar, Emily E. Burns, Iain A. Davies |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
Geography Planning and Development Guest Editor: Lawrence W. Barnthouse UV filter Down‐the‐drain freshwater aquatic risk assessment 010501 environmental sciences Risk Assessment 01 natural sciences Exposure modeling BP‐3 Aquatic toxicology Benzophenones chemistry.chemical_compound UV filters Special Series: Risk Assessment and Management of Sunscreen Use to Protect Aquatic Ecosystems Environmental impact assessment 0105 earth and related environmental sciences General Environmental Science Environmental risk assessment Exposure assessment Environmental engineering General Medicine Hazard United States chemistry Environmental toxicology Oxybenzone Water Pollutants Chemical Environmental Monitoring |
| Zdroj: | Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management |
| ISSN: | 1551-3793 1551-3777 |
| Popis: | Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in cosmetic and personal care products (CPCPs) and over‐the‐counter (OTC) sunscreens, due to their ability to absorb solar radiation. When OTC and CPCP ingredients are washed down the drain, they can then enter freshwaters that receive wastewater treatment plant effluents. This paper presents a freshwater environmental safety assessment of a key UV filter, oxybenzone, used in OTC sunscreens and CPCPs in the United States. Exposure was characterized using iSTREEM®, a spatially resolved aquatic exposure model developed for chemicals disposed of down the drain. iSTREEM® provides a comprehensive exposure assessment of oxybenzone concentrations in United States receiving waters through predicted environmental concentration (PEC) distributions representative of conditions across the region. A review of available hazard data was used to derive a predicted no‐effect concentration (PNEC) using aquatic toxicity data and assessment factors. A safety assessment was conducted by comparing the PEC distribution with the PNEC. The results indicate that oxybenzone is of low concern and there is a significant margin of safety as the 90th percentile PEC is two orders of magnitude below the PNEC. These results are instrumental in demonstrating the environmental safety of key organic UV filters in the U.S. freshwater environment and will help prioritize future work. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:951–960. © 2021 Personal Care Products Council. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC) KEY POINTS A freshwater environmental risk assessment for oxybenzone was conducted that considered available aquatic toxicity data and down‐the‐drain emissions of sunscreen, cosmetic, and personal care products.A nationwide distribution of predicted environmental concentrations was modeled, using the spatially explicit iSTREEM® exposure model, and the median and 90th percentile oxybenzone concentrations were predicted to be 0.01 and 0.15 µg/L, respectively.The 90th percentile exposure prediction (reasonable worst case) is two orders of magnitude below the predicted no‐effect concentration value of 18 µg/L, indicating that risk is negligible.This paper provides a down‐the‐drain freshwater environmental risk assessment framework suitable for over‐the‐counter drugs, cosmetic, and personal care ingredients. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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