Testing the effect of sustainable energy and military expenses on environmental degradation: evidence from the states with the highest military expenses
| Autor: | Aliya Zhakanova Isiksal |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Distributed lag
Pollution China Natural resource economics Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis media_common.quotation_subject Saudi Arabia India 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Russia Kuznets curve Republic of Korea Economics Humans Environmental Chemistry Renewable Energy Israel Environmental degradation 0105 earth and related environmental sciences media_common Consumption (economics) business.industry Australia General Medicine Carbon Dioxide Renewable energy Cross-Sectional Studies Military Personnel Economic Development France Unit root business |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28:20487-20498 |
| ISSN: | 1614-7499 0944-1344 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11356-020-11735-7 |
| Popis: | This paper aims to define the effects of military expenses and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions for the ten countries with the highest military expenses, namely, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Russia, the USA, South Korea, India, France, Australia, China, and the UK from 1993 to 2017. The research applied the common correlated effects mean group estimator (CCEMG), dynamic CCEMG, and cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approaches. These dynamic techniques elucidate slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency and solve the problem of unit root bias. It is found that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis does not apply for this region. The findings demonstrate that military expenses increase carbon dioxide emissions; thus, the treadmill theory of destruction is valid for the panel of these countries, and it is also found that the consumption of sustainable energy decreases CO2 emissions. This suggests that a reduction in pollution can be achieved by increasing sustainable energies in the use of military vehicles to decrease emissions. Further important policy implications for the 10 countries with the highest military expenses are provided at the end of the paper. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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