Magnitude and characteristics of acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US: 1998–2013
Autor: | Abby Schwartz, Elizabeth Evans, Justin Waltz, Gamola Z. Fortenberry, Yvette Mitchell, Joanne Bonnar Prado, Lucia S. Graham, John Beckman, Michelle Lackovic, Geoffrey M. Calvert, Kathy Leinenkugel, Heidi Bojes, Sheila Higgins, Michel S. Oriel, Prakash Mulay |
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Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2016 |
Předmět: |
Adult
Male Paraquat medicine.medical_specialty Adolescent 010501 environmental sciences Improper storage 01 natural sciences Biochemistry Diquat Article 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Young Adult 0302 clinical medicine Application site Occupational Exposure Medicine Accidents Occupational Humans 030212 general & internal medicine Child Personal protective equipment 0105 earth and related environmental sciences General Environmental Science Aged business.industry Herbicides Infant Environmental Exposure Middle Aged United States Equipment failure Common root chemistry Emergency medicine Female business |
Popis: | Background Paraquat and diquat are among the most commonly used herbicides in the world. Objectives Determine the magnitude, characteristics, and root causes for acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US Methods Illnesses associated with paraquat or diquat exposure occurring from 1998 through 2011 were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides Program, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program (PISP), and the Incident Data System (IDS). Cases identified by the National Poison Data System (NPDS) were reviewed for the years 1998–2003 and 2006–2013. Results A total of 300 paraquat- and 144 diquat-related acute illnesses were identified by SENSOR, PISP, and IDS. NPDS identified 693 paraquat- and 2128 diquat-related acute illnesses. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, illnesses were commonly low severity (paraquat=41%; diquat=81%); however, SENSOR/PISP/IDS identified 24 deaths caused by paraquat and 5 deaths associated with diquat. Nineteen paraquat-related deaths were due to ingestion, seven of which were unintentional, often due to improper storage in beverage bottles. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, paraquat and diquat-related acute illnesses were work-related in 68% (n=203) and 29% (n=42) of cases, respectively. When herbicide application site was known, the vast majority of acute paraquat-related illnesses (81%) arose from agricultural applications. Common root causes of illness were failure to use adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), application equipment failure, and spill/splash of herbicide. Conclusions Although the magnitude of acute paraquat/diquat-related illnesses was relatively low, several fatalities were identified. Many illnesses could be prevented through stricter compliance with label requirements (e.g. ensuring proper herbicide storage and PPE use), and through enhanced training of certified applicators. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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