Simulation of scattered radiation during intraoperative imaging in a virtual reality learning environment
| Autor: | Michael Teistler, Oliver J. Bott, Klaus Dresing, Matthias Suncksen |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Operating Rooms
Computer science 0206 medical engineering Biomedical Engineering Health Informatics 02 engineering and technology Virtual reality 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging Feedback 03 medical and health sciences CUDA User-Computer Interface 0302 clinical medicine Monitoring Intraoperative Humans Scattering Radiation Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging Computer Simulation Latency (engineering) Interactive visualization Simulation Training Simulation Surgeons Frame (networking) Virtual Reality Volume rendering General Medicine 020601 biomedical engineering Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design Computer Science Applications Visualization Surgery Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition |
| Zdroj: | International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery. 15(4) |
| ISSN: | 1861-6429 |
| Popis: | Scattered radiation, which occurs when using a C-arm for intraoperative radiography, can be better understood through interactive visualization. We developed a virtual reality (VR) approach for the simulation of scattered radiation (SSR) as part of a C-arm training system. In VR, it is important to avoid cyber sickness, which is often caused by increased latency between head motion and image presentation inside the head-mounted display. As the latency requirement interferes with the computational complexity of the SSR, the goal has been to maintain a low latency during the simultaneous computation of the SSR on moderate-cost consumer hardware. For use with a VR C-arm simulator, a CUDA-based Monte Carlo SSR has been improved to utilize GPU resources unused by the VR image generation. Resulting SSR data are visualized through volume rendering with pseudo-colored scattered radiation superimposed onto the virtual operating room. The resulting interactive VR–SSR environment was evaluated with operating room personnel (ORP) and surgeons using questionnaires. Depending on the imaged body part and computation parameters, the required computation time to complete one SSR run was between 1.6 and 4.2 s (ankle) and between 7.9 and 14.9 s (thigh), and VR frame times from 11 to 12 ms (95th percentile). The system was evaluated with ORP (n = 46) and surgeons (n = 25). The median of professional C-arm experience was 5 (range 1 to 34) years (ORP) and 12.5 (range 2 to 48) years (surgeons), respectively. The demonstrated prototype was found useful by 78% of ORP and 88% of the surgeons. On a Likert scale, more than 90% of both groups “agreed fully” that the presented way of visualizing SSR in VR helps understanding intraoperative exposure to scattered radiation. Leveraging off-the-shelf computer equipment, the feasibility of SSR and VR for interactive training has been demonstrated. Evaluation participants showed a high interest for the presented approach. Feedback suggests that the visualization experienced by the users helps understanding radiation hazards in the operating room. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|
Full text from SpringerLink