Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care
| Autor: | Amy M. Inkster, Icíar Fernández-Boyano, Wendy P. Robinson |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
sex differences
0301 basic medicine medicine.medical_specialty placenta Offspring miscarriage Prenatal diagnosis Review Prenatal care Preeclampsia Miscarriage preeclampsia fetal growth restriction 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine sex as a biological variable Placenta medicine Pregnancy prenatal diagnosis 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine pregnancy complications Obstetrics business.industry Incidence (epidemiology) preterm birth General Medicine medicine.disease 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Medicine business |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Clinical Medicine Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 3000, p 3000 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2077-0383 |
| Popis: | Sex differences exist in the incidence and presentation of many pregnancy complications, including but not limited to pregnancy loss, spontaneous preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. Sex differences arise very early in development due to differential gene expression from the X and Y chromosomes, and later may also be influenced by the action of gonadal steroid hormones. Though offspring sex is not considered in most prenatal diagnostic or therapeutic strategies currently in use, it may be beneficial to consider sex differences and the associated mechanisms underlying pregnancy complications. This review will cover (i) the prevalence and presentation of sex differences that occur in perinatal complications, particularly with a focus on the placenta; (ii) possible mechanisms underlying the development of sex differences in placental function and pregnancy phenotypes; and (iii) knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the development of diagnostic or risk prediction tools for such complications, with an emphasis on those for which it would be important to consider sex. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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