A Lipid Anchor Improves the Protective Effect of Ectoine in Inflammation
| Autor: | Erwin A. Galinski, A. Wedeking, Rene Tolba, Roland Broere, G van Echten-Deckert, Mihaela Gurgui, Nadine Hagen-Euteneuer, Georg Lentzen |
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| Rok vydání: | 2014 |
| Předmět: |
Ceramide
Lipopolysaccharide Gene Expression Inflammation Ectoine Biochemistry Cell Line Mice chemistry.chemical_compound Drug Discovery Extracellular medicine Animals Pharmacology biology Interleukin-6 Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Macrophages Organic Chemistry NF-kappa B Amino Acids Diamino Interleukin Lipid Metabolism Rats Cell biology chemistry Cyclooxygenase 2 biology.protein Molecular Medicine Tumor necrosis factor alpha Cyclooxygenase medicine.symptom Interleukin-1 |
| Zdroj: | Current Medicinal Chemistry. 21:2565-2572 |
| ISSN: | 0929-8673 |
| Popis: | Others and we have shown in several studies that the natural tetrahydropyrimidine ectoine protects mammalian cells and tissues against various stress factors including ischemia/reperfusion injury, UV-irradiation, and inflammation. Since little is known about the molecular mechanism of this protective effect, which was ascribed exclusively to an extracellular action of this small water-soluble molecule, we asked whether and how a hydrophobic anchor modulates the inflammation protective properties of ectoine. We therefore investigated the influence of ectoine and of its semi-synthetic derivative lauryl-ectoine on inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and primary cultured rat intestinal smooth muscle (RISM) cells. Both, ectoine and lauryl-ectoine considerably decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin (IL)- 1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene expression in macrophages as well as TNF-α- induced IL-1, IL-6 and COX-2 expression in RISM cells. This reduction of inflammatory agents was accompanied on the one hand by a significant decrease of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and on the other hand by a reduction of cellular ceramide content. Interestingly, lauryl- ectoine was much more active exerting its effect at about 10-fold lower concentrations than its natural counterpart. Note that ectoine was almost completely recovered in the medium whereas lauryl-ectoine was found to be cell-associated. Together our data indicate that a lipid anchor considerably improves a possible preventive and/or therapeutic implementation of ectoine in inflammatory processes. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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