Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the Pra and Kakum River basins and associated tap water in Ghana
| Autor: | Albert Eshun, Shihori Nakamichi, J.K. Adjei, J.K. Bentum, Jonathan N. Hogarh, Junya Negishi, Shigeki Masunaga, David Kofi Essumang, Habibullah-Al-Mamun |
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| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Drainage basin 010501 environmental sciences Ghana 01 natural sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Rivers Tap water Environmental Chemistry Waste Management and Disposal 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Pollutant Carbon chain Fluorocarbons geography geography.geographical_feature_category Drinking Water Contamination Pollution Alkanesulfonic Acids chemistry Bioaccumulation Environmental chemistry Perfluorooctanoic acid Environmental science Water treatment Water Pollutants Chemical Environmental Monitoring |
| Zdroj: | Science of The Total Environment. 579:729-735 |
| ISSN: | 0048-9697 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.035 |
| Popis: | Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent environmental pollutants that have been detected in various media including human serum. Due to concerns regarding their bioaccumulation and possible negative health effects, an understanding of routes of human exposure is necessary. PFAAs are recalcitrant in many water treatment processes, making drinking water a potential source of human exposure. This study presents the first report on contamination from PFAAs in river and drinking water in Ghana. The targeted PFAAs were perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with C4–14 carbon chain and perfluoroalkane sulphonic acids (PFSAs) with C6, 8, 10. Five PFAA congeners – PFOA, PFOS, PFHxA, PFDA and PFPeA – were commonly detected in river and tap water. The mean concentrations of ∑ PFAAs in the Kakum and Pra Rivers were 281 and 398 ng/L, while tap water (supplied from the treatment of water from those rivers) contained concentrations of 197 and 200 ng/L, respectively. PFOA and PFOS constituted about 99% of the ∑ PFAAs. The risk quotient (RQ) attributed to drinking of tap water was estimated at 1.01 and 1.74 for PFOA and PFOS, respectively. For a country that has not produced these compounds, the RQs were unexpectedly high, raising concerns particularly about contamination from such emerging pollutants in local water sources. The study revealed limitations of local tap water treatment in getting rid of these emerging pollutants. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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