Occurrence of Z-drugs, benzodiazepines, and ketamine in wastewater in the United States and Mexico during the Covid-19 pandemic
| Autor: | Sangeet Adhikari, Rahul Kumar, Erin M. Driver, Devin A. Bowes, Keng Tiong Ng, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernandez, Mariel Araceli Oyervides-Muñoz, Elda M. Melchor-Martínez, Manuel Martínez-Ruiz, Karina G. Coronado-Apodaca, Ted Smith, Aruni Bhatnagar, Brian J. Piper, Kenneth L. McCall, Roberto Parra-Saldivar, Leon P. Barron, Rolf U. Halden |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
Diazepam Alprazolam Nordazepam COVID-19 Wastewater Lorazepam Pollution United States Clonazepam Zolpidem Benzodiazepines Temazepam Tandem Mass Spectrometry Environmental Chemistry Humans Waste Water Ketamine Waste Management and Disposal Pandemics Mexico Environmental Sciences |
| Popis: | Z-drugs, benzodiazepines and ketamine are classes of psychotropic drugs prescribed for treating anxiety, sleep disorders and depression with known side effects including an elevated risk of addiction and substance misuse. Both groups of these drugs have a strong potential for misuse, which has escalated over the years and was hypothesized here to have been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) constitutes a fast, easy, and relatively inexpensive approach to epidemiological surveys for understanding the incidence and frequency of uses of these drugs. In this study, we analyzed wastewater (n = 376) from 50 cities across the United States and Mexico from July to October 2020 to estimate drug use rates during a pandemic event. Both time and flow proportional composite and grab samples of untreated municipal wastewater were analyzed using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine loadings of alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, ketamine, lorazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam, zolpidem, and zaleplon in raw wastewater. Simultaneously, prescription data of the aforementioned drugs were extracted from the Medicaid database from 2019 to 2021. Results showed high detection frequencies of ketamine (90 %), lorazepam (87 %), clonazepam (76 %) and temazepam (73 %) across both Mexico and United States and comparatively lower detection frequencies for zaleplon (22 %), zolpidem (9 %), nordiazepam ( |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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