Detection of 6-monoacetylemorphine in hair sample of heroin addicts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and significance of rehabilitation program
| Autor: | Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri, Naveel Atif, Fahad Hassan, Younusa Hassan, Ahmad Adnan |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
medicine.medical_specialty
Narcotic Sample (material) medicine.medical_treatment RM1-950 01 natural sciences Heroin 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Pharmacy and materia medica Internal medicine mental disorders medicine GC–MS 030216 legal & forensic medicine Heroin addicts Rehabilitation business.industry 010401 analytical chemistry Forensic toxicology 6-Monoacetylemorphine 0104 chemical sciences RS1-441 Hair analysis Heroin abuse Therapeutics. Pharmacology Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry business medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2314-7253 |
| Popis: | Background The analysis of hair samples for the detection of drugs has become one of the convincing strategies in the field of forensic toxicology. A large number of cases concerning heroin abuse or its byproducts have been documented under the Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997, over the past decade. The present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the primary metabolite of heroin, i.e., 6-monoacetylemorphine (6-MAM), in hair samples of addicts and subjects undergoing rehabilitation, thereafter accessing the success rate of the rehabilitation program at the de-addiction center. Results Hair samples were randomly collected from 20 regular heroin addicts and 20 heroin addicts from their past, from the rehabilitation center, of different age groups. Samples were cleaned, digested, and extracted using an alkaline digestion mediator methyl tertiary butyl ether, followed by quantification of 6-MAM via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The mean concentration of 6-MAM in regular heroin addicts detected was 7.80 ng/mg and 2.34 ng/mg in samples of subjects undergoing rehabilitation at the de-addiction center, respectively. Conclusion Traces of 6-MAM in the hair sample of heroin addicts can be efficiently detected days after the last intake of heroin. In addition to that, our findings also give an idea for future evaluating the approximate timeframe for detection of 6-MAM and/or other metabolites of heroin in the hair sample. However, in the future, by carefully analyzing the hair samples that can be taken from rehabilitation centers from target subjects at different time intervals, the exact duration of traceable quantity of 6-MAM can be determined in the hair sample. Finally, it can be concluded that there is a significant success rate of the rehabilitation program at de-addiction centers in connection with dragging the 6-MAM level from the body. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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