The spatial epidemiology of cocaine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use: a demonstration using a population measure of community drug load derived from municipal wastewater

Autor:	Jennifer A. Field, Aurea C. Chiaia, Luc de Montigny, Caleb J. Banta-Green, Daniel L. Sudakin, Laura E. Power
Rok vydání:	2009
Předmět:	Narcotics Rural Population Urban Population Substance-Related Disorders N-Methyl-3 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine medicine.medical_treatment Population Medicine (miscellaneous) Poison control Waste Disposal Fluid Article Methamphetamine Oregon chemistry.chemical_compound Cocaine Environmental health medicine Humans education education.field_of_study business.industry Spatial epidemiology MDMA medicine.disease Substance Abuse Detection Substance abuse Stimulant Psychiatry and Mental health chemistry Epidemiological Monitoring Benzoylecgonine business Water Pollutants Chemical Environmental Monitoring Waste disposal medicine.drug
Zdroj:	Addiction. 104:1874-1880
ISSN:	1360-0443 0965-2140
Popis:	Aims To determine the utility of community-wide drug testing with wastewater samples as a population measure of community drug use and to test the hypothesis that the association with urbanicity would vary for three different stimulant drugs of abuse. Design and participants Single-day samples were obtained from a convenience sample of 96 municipalities representing 65% of the population of the State of Oregon. Measurements Chemical analysis of 24-hour composite influent samples for benzoylecgonine (BZE, a cocaine metabolite), methamphetamine and 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The distribution of community index drug loads accounting for total wastewater flow (i.e. dilution) and population are reported. Findings The distribution of wastewater-derived drug indexloadswasfoundtocorrespondwithexpectedepidemiologicaldrugpatterns.Indexloadsof BZEweresignificantly higher in urban areas and below detection in many rural areas. Conversely, methamphetamine was present in all municipalities, with no significant differences in index loads by urbanicity. MDMA was at quantifiable levels in fewer thanhalf thecommunities,withasignificanttrendtowardshigherindexloadsinmoreurbanareas.Conclusion This demonstration provides the first evidence of the utility of wastewater-derived community drug loads for spatial analyses.Suchdatahavethepotentialtoimprovedramaticallythemeasurementof thetruelevelanddistributionof arange of drugs. Drug index load data provide information for all people in a community and are potentially applicable to a much larger proportion of the total population than existing measures.
Databáze:	OpenAIRE
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