MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN URBAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
| Autor: | John C. Beier, J. F. Trape, Kate Macintyre, Joseph Keating, McWilson Warren, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Vincent Robert |
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| Rok vydání: | 2003 |
| Předmět: |
Population
Context (language use) Urban area law.invention law Environmental protection Virology Urbanization parasitic diseases medicine Animals Humans education Socioeconomics Africa South of the Sahara education.field_of_study geography geography.geographical_feature_category Urban Health medicine.disease Insect Vectors Malaria Culicidae Infectious Diseases Transmission (mechanics) Negative relationship Parasitology Rural area |
| Zdroj: | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 68:169-176 |
| ISSN: | 1476-1645 0002-9637 |
| Popis: | The rapid increase in the world's urban population has major implications for the epidemiology of malaria. A review of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan African cities shows the strong likelihood of transmission occurring within these sprawling cities, whatever the size or characteristics of their bioecologic environment. A meta-analysis of results from studies of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa shows a loose linear negative relationship between mean annual entomologic inoculation rates (EIR) and the level of urbanicity. Few studies have failed to find entomologic evidence of some transmission. Our results show mean annual EIRs of 7.1 in the city centers, 45.8 in periurban areas, and 167.7 in rural areas. The impact of urbanization in reducing transmission is more marked in areas where the mean rainfall is low and seasonal. Considerable variation in the level of transmission exists among cities and within different districts in the same city. This article presents evidence from past literature to build a conceptual framework to begin to explain this heterogeneity. The potential for malaria epidemics owing to decreasing levels of natural immunity may be offset by negative impacts of urbanization on the larval ecology of anopheline mosquitoes. Malaria control in urban environments may be simpler as a result of urbanization; however, much of what we know about malaria transmission in rural environments might not hold in the urban context. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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