Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence
| Autor: | Afton Halloran, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Michail Chourdakis, João Breda, Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi, Theodoros Dardavesis, Julianne Williams, Holly L. Rippin, Artemis Christina Oikonomidou |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male 0301 basic medicine Diet Vegan Vegan diets Adolescent 030209 endocrinology & metabolism Cochrane Library Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine World health Young Adult WHO 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Environmental health Glycemic load Faculty of Science Humans Medicine Vitamin B12 Aged 030109 nutrition & dietetics Nutrition and Dietetics business.industry Vegan Diet Nutrients Vitamins Middle Aged Micronutrient Europe Health impact Female European population business Nutritive Value Veganism Niacin Systematic search |
| Zdroj: | Bakaloudi, D R, Halloran, A, Rippin, H L, Oikonomidou, A C, Dardavesis, T I, Williams, J, Wickramasinghe, K, Breda, J & Chourdakis, M 2021, ' Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence ', Clinical Nutrition, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 3503-3521 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035 |
| ISSN: | 0261-5614 |
| Popis: | Background: Vegan diets, where animal- and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade. However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro- and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types. Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B2, Niacin (B3), B12, D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium. Vitamin B12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24-0.49 μg, recommendations are 2.4 μg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d). No significant differences in fat intake were observed. Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B1, Β6, C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded. However, low micro- and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments. Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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