Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action
| Autor: | Roberto Fuentes, Carlo Pifferi, Alberto Fernández-Tejada |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
General Chemical Engineering
medicine.medical_treatment Carbohydrates Computational biology Review Article Biology Mechanism of action 01 natural sciences 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Vaccine adjuvant medicine Subunit vaccines Adjuvants 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences Natural product 010405 organic chemistry Immunogenicity General Chemistry Carbohydrate chemistry 0104 chemical sciences 3. Good health chemistry Action (philosophy) Homogeneous Adjuvant Chemical modification |
| Zdroj: | Nature Reviews. Chemistry Nature Reviews Chemistry |
| ISSN: | 2397-3358 |
| Popis: | Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also less immunogenic and require an adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiate the immune response. Unfortunately, few adjuvants have sufficient potency and low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting the urgent need for new, potent and safe adjuvants. Notably, a number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines. However, naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain and, in some cases, unstable. In addition, their molecular mechanisms of action are generally not fully understood, partly owing to the lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects, thus hampering the rational development of optimized adjuvants. To address these challenges, modification of the natural product structure using synthetic chemistry emerges as an attractive approach to develop well-defined, improved carbohydrate-containing adjuvants and chemical probes for mechanistic investigation. This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action. Carbohydrate adjuvants potentiate immune responses through diverse mechanisms. This Review highlights carbohydrate-based adjuvants, providing insights into structure–activity relationships and applications in vaccine development, while discussing current knowledge of the mechanisms by which they potentiate and modulate the immune response. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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