Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami
Autor: | Matthew C. Garthwaite, Peter James Rowley, Rebecca Williams |
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Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2019 |
Předmět: |
bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Flank Tsunami wave 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences 0211 other engineering and technologies bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences 02 engineering and technology EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences 010502 geochemistry & geophysics 01 natural sciences bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Volcanology Medium term medicine Collapse (medical) EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Volcanology 0105 earth and related environmental sciences geography 021110 strategic defence & security studies Explosive eruption geography.geographical_feature_category Geology EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics Volcano 13. Climate action medicine.symptom Seismology |
Zdroj: | Geology, 47 (10). pp. 973-976. |
ISSN: | 0091-7613 1943-2682 |
Popis: | Volcanogenic tsunamis are one of the deadliest volcanic phenomena. Understanding their triggering processes, and mitigating their effect, remains a major challenge. On 22 December 2018, flank failure of the Anak Krakatau volcano in Indonesia generated a tsunami that killed more than 400 people. This event was captured in unprecedented detail by high-resolution satellite imagery and eyewitness accounts. Here we combine historic observations with these recent data to—for the first time—interpret the internal architecture of Anak Krakatau, and reconstruct the failure, tsunamigenesis, and regrowth processes observed. We calculate the volume of material initially lost from the volcano flank failure and find that it was relatively small (∼0.1 km3) compared to the overall changes observed during the entire eruption, but it was nonetheless able to generate rapid tsunami waves with devastating impacts. The flank failure also changed the eruption style and the upper volcanic plumbing system, with the subsequent explosive eruptions destroying the summit and then partially rebuilding the lost flank. The nature of the flank failure was controlled by the internal structure of the island, and—although regrowth rate will be a primary control on flank failure intervals— the reconfiguring of the volcano’s internal vent network is likely to have re-stabilized it in the medium term. The findings demonstrate that hazard assessments at ocean islands must consider that even small flank failures, during unexceptional eruptions, can have catastrophic consequences. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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