Extrusion-based 3D printing of poly(propylene fumarate) scaffolds with hydroxyapatite gradients

Autor:	Antonios G. Mikos, Jesse K. Placone, Brandon T. Smith, John P. Fisher, Jordan E. Trachtenberg
Rok vydání:	2017
Předmět:	Thermogravimetric analysis Bone Regeneration Materials science Composite number Biomedical Engineering Biophysics 3D printing Nanoparticle Biocompatible Materials Bioengineering Nanotechnology 02 engineering and technology Polypropylenes 010402 general chemistry 01 natural sciences Article Bone and Bones Biomaterials Fumarates Tissue engineering Materials Testing Humans Composite material chemistry.chemical_classification Tissue Engineering Tissue Scaffolds Viscosity business.industry Polymer 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology 0104 chemical sciences Cross-Linking Reagents Durapatite Compressive strength chemistry Printing Three-Dimensional Nanoparticles Extrusion Stress Mechanical 0210 nano-technology business Porosity
Zdroj:	Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 28:532-554
ISSN:	1568-5624 0920-5063
DOI:	10.1080/09205063.2017.1286184
Popis:	The primary focus of this work is to present the current challenges of printing scaffolds with concentration gradients of nanoparticles with an aim to improve the processing of these scaffolds. Furthermore, we address how print fidelity is related to material composition and emphasize the importance of considering this relationship when developing complex scaffolds for bone implants. The ability to create complex tissues is becoming increasingly relevant in the tissue engineering community. For bone tissue engineering applications, this work demonstrates the ability to use extrusion-based printing techniques to control the spatial deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles in a 3D composite scaffold. In doing so, we combined the benefits of synthetic, degradable polymers, such as poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), with osteoconductive HA nanoparticles that provide robust compressive mechanical properties. Furthermore, the final 3D printed scaffolds consisted of well-defined layers with interconnected pores, two critical features for a successful bone implant. To demonstrate a controlled gradient of HA, thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to quantify HA on a per-layer basis. Moreover, we non-destructively evaluated the tendency of HA particles to aggregate within PPF using micro-computed tomography (μCT). This work provides insight for proper fabrication and characterization of composite scaffolds containing particle gradients and has broad applicability for future efforts in fabricating complex scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Databáze:	OpenAIRE
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