HSV-1 DNA in Tears and Saliva of Normal Adults
| Autor: | Emily D. Varnell, Hilary W. Thompson, James M. Hill, Ann M. Azcuy, Herbert E. Kaufman, Gregory D. Sloop |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2005 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male Saliva viruses Population Gene Dosage Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Herpesvirus 1 Human Biology Antibodies Viral medicine.disease_cause Asymptomatic Article Herpesviridae medicine Humans Viral shedding education Aged education.field_of_study Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Varicella zoster virus Middle Aged Virology Virus Shedding Herpes simplex virus Immunoglobulin G Tears DNA Viral Immunology Female medicine.symptom |
| Zdroj: | Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 46:241 |
| ISSN: | 1552-5783 |
| DOI: | 10.1167/iovs.04-0614 |
| Popis: | Healthy individuals are known to shed herpesviruses. Humans are reservoirs, and asymptomatic shedding is a major factor in the spread of the virus. In a recent 14-month study, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was present in all 30 individuals tested, and 4 (13%) of 30 shed cytomegalovirus (CMV) in urine.1 In a cross-sectional study in Eritrea, Africa, with the exception of children 80% herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) seropositive, and >90% CMV and varicella zoster virus (VZV) seropositive.2 Antibodies for HSV-1 have also been detected in tears (73%) and saliva (2.5%) of 40 healthy individuals.3 HSV-1 and, to a lesser extent, HSV-2 are known to be the leading causes of virus-induced blindness in the Western world, with approximately 500,000 individuals having herpetic eye disease in the United States.4 More than 62% of the U.S. population >12 years of age is positive for HSV-1, HSV-2, or both.4 Worldwide, 60% to 90% of the adult population is HSV-1 antibody positive.5,6 In one study, 100% of individuals older than 60 years were found to be HSV-1 seropositive.7 Despite the prevalence of HSV infections, however, only a small number of latently infected humans experience symptomatic disease. Only 1% to 6% of primary infections are clinically recognized.8 Consequently, asymptomatic shedding of HSV is considered the major form of transmission. Thus far, studies have focused on quantifying HSV-1 and -2 antibody titers and/or frequency of shedding in patients with active herpesvirus lesions or immediately after the time of active lesions.9 Although HSV-1 seropositivity in healthy individuals has also been evaluated,3,10 asymptomatic shedding of HSV-1, especially in tears, has received less attention. To the best of our knowledge, only three studies have evaluated HSV-1 shedding in tears and saliva of healthy individuals, using relatively insensitive culturing techniques.11–13 Detection of HSV shedding is dependent on the population surveyed, as well as on the diagnostic technique used. Before the advent of real-time PCR, the presence of HSV could be determined only by relatively insensitive culturing of infectious virus.14–21 Today we are able to detect HSV DNA with PCR, the new gold standard for HSV detection in clinical samples. Hence, the percentage of individuals detected as positive for HSV-1 DNA is expected to increase significantly, as has the percentage of individuals shedding EBV in saliva.1 To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the largest cross-sectional assessment performed to date of the presence of HSV-1 DNA in the eyes and mouths of healthy individuals, in terms of population size and total samples collected. We used real-time PCR to quantify the presence and frequency of asymptomatic viral shedding in a combined total of 5529 tear and saliva specimens. Samples consisted of mouth and eye swabs collected twice daily from 50 volunteers over the course of 30 days. The subjects were instructed to swab the mouth and one eye morning and night. In addition, serum HSV IgG antibody titers were determined. We found that 98% (49/50) of the subjects in our study were positive at least once for HSV-1 DNA in tears and/or saliva. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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