Dose-Response Relationships and Threshold Levels in Skin and Respiratory Allergy
| Autor: | Josje H. E. Arts, Carolien Mommers, Cees de Heer |
|---|---|
| Přispěvatelé: | TNO Kwaliteit van Leven |
| Rok vydání: | 2006 |
| Předmět: |
1 chloro 2
4 dinitrobenzene Allergy expiratory flow Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Toxicology Langerhans cell aldehyde urticaria skin irritation Cavia porcellus dose response cytokine ethylene geraniol analytic method myristic acid isopropyl ester Dose-Response forced expiratory volume Health Dermatitis Allergic Contact glutaraldehyde oxazolone Irritation occupational asthma chlorocresol eugenol safety medicine.medical_specialty Respiratory Allergy skin test Guidelines as Topic Guidelines Risk Assessment acid anhydride benzocaine unindexed drug Respiratory Hypersensitivity Humans skin sensitization human airway obstruction CD4+ T lymphocyte No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level concentration (parameters) Dose-Response Relationship Drug methacrylic acid derivative Elicitation clinical study Allergens medicine.disease occupational hazard Molecular Weight isoeugenol Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology exposure Immunology guinea pig isocyanic acid derivative linalool medicine.disease_cause sensitivity analysis 1 fluoro 2 4 dinitrobenzene Respiratory system Sensitization bronopol Inhalation exposure immunoglobulin E antibody Dermatophagoides farinae skin defect kathon cg medicine.anatomical_structure diethylamine Occupational asthma tuberculin rubber review hypersensitivity reaction Occupational medicine nickel Occupational Exposure medicine Animalia Animals Skin Tests nonhuman business.industry dichromate potassium skin allergy respiratory tract allergy toluene diisocyanate formaldehyde phthalic anhydride antigen specificity subtilisin business Respiratory tract |
| Zdroj: | Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 3, 36, 219-251 |
| ISSN: | 1547-6898 1040-8444 |
| DOI: | 10.1080/10408440500534149 |
| Popis: | A literature study was performed to evaluate dose-response relationships and no-effect levels for sensitization and elicitation in skin- and respiratory allergy. With respect to the skin, dose-response relationships and no-effect levels were found for both intradermal and topical induction, as well as for intradermal and topical elicitation of allergenic responses in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies. Skin damage or irritation may result in a significant reduction of the no-effect level for a specific compound. With respect to the respiratory tract, dose-response relationships and no-effect levels for induction were found in several human as well as animal studies. Although dose-response relationships for elicitation were found in some epidemiological studies, concentration-response relationships were present only in a limited number of animal studies. Reported results suggest that especially relatively high peak concentrations can induce sensitization, and that prevention of such concentrations will prevent workers from developing respiratory allergy. Moreover, induction of skin sensitization may result in subsequent heightened respiratory responsiveness following inhalation exposure. The threshold concentration for the elicitation of allergic airway reactions in sensitized subjects is generally lower than the threshold to induce sensitization. Therefore, it is important to consider the low threshold levels for elicitation for recommendation of health-based occupational exposure limits, and to avoid high peak concentrations. Notwithstanding the observation of dose-response relationships and no-effect levels, due to a number of uncertainties, no definite conclusions can be drawn about absolute threshold values for allergens with respect to sensitization of and elicitation reactions in the skin and respiratory tract. Most predictive tests are generally meant to detect the potential of a chemical to induce skin and/or respiratory allergy at relatively high doses. Consequently, these tests do not provide information of dose-response relationships at lower doses such as found in, for example, occupational situations. In addition, the observed dose-response relationships and threshold values have been obtained by a wide variety of test methods using different techniques, such as intradermal exposure versus topical or inhalation exposure at the workplace, or using different endpoints, which all appear important for the outcome of the test. Therefore, especially with regard to respiratory allergy, standardized and validated dose-response test methods are urgently required in order to be able to recommend safe exposure levels for allergens at the workplace. Copyright © Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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