Emission of hexanal and carbon monoxide from storage of wood pellets, a potential occupational and domestic health hazard
| Autor: | B. O. Galle, Johan Högberg, Hans-Erik Högberg, Urban Svedberg |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2004 |
| Předmět: |
Pentanal
Pellets Air pollution Air Pollutants Occupational medicine.disease_cause Hexanal chemistry.chemical_compound Occupational Exposure Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared medicine Humans Workplace Air Pollutants Aldehydes Carbon Monoxide Waste management Chemistry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health General Medicine Environmental Exposure Wood Warehouse Environmental chemistry Air Pollution Indoor Housing Methanol Literature survey Carbon monoxide |
| Zdroj: | The Annals of occupational hygiene. 48(4) |
| ISSN: | 0003-4878 |
| Popis: | Objectives: The objective of the present study was to investigate and describe the emissions of volatile compounds, particularly hexanal and carbon monoxide, from large- and small-scale storage of wood pellets. Methods: Air sampling was performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and adsorbent sampling in pellet warehouses, domestic storage rooms, lumber kiln dryers and experimental set-ups. Literature studies were included to describe the formation of hexanal and carbon monoxide and the toxicology of hexanal. Results: A geometric mean aldehyde level of 111 ± 32 mg/m 3 was found in one warehouse, with a peak reading of 156 mg/m 3 . A maximum aldehyde reading of 457 mg/m 3 was recorded at the surface of a pellet pile. Hexanal (70–80% w/w) and pentanal (10–15% w/w) dominated, but acetone (83 ± 24 mg/m 3 ), methanol (18 ± 7 mg/m 3 ) and carbon monoxide (56 ± 4 mg/m 3 ) were also found. The emissions in a domestic storage room varied with the ambient temperature and peaked after 2 months storage in the midst of the warm season. Aldehyde levels of 98 ± 4 mg/m 3 and carbon monoxide levels of 123 ± 10 mg/m 3 were recorded inside such storage rooms. Elevated levels of hexanal (0.084 mg/m 3 ) were recorded inside domestic housing and 6m g/m 3 in a room adjacent to a poorly sealed storage area. Experimental laboratory studies confirmed the findings of the field studies. A field study of the emissions from industrial lumber drying also showed the formation of aldehydes and carbon monoxide. Conclusions: High levels of hexanal and carbon monoxide were strongly associated with storage of wood pellets and may constitute an occupational and domestic health hazard. The results from lumber drying show that the emissions of hexanal and carbon monoxide are not limited to wood pellets but are caused by general degradation processes of wood, facilitated by drying at elevated temperature. Emission of carbon monoxide from wood materials at low temperatures ( |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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