Current trends in Finnish drug abuse: Wastewater based epidemiology combined with other national indicators

Autor: Mari Heinonen, Aino Kankaanpää, Teemu Gunnar, Kari Ariniemi, Kimmo Kuoppasalmi
Rok vydání: 2016
Předmět:
Drug
medicine.medical_specialty
Environmental Engineering
Urban Population
Substance-Related Disorders
media_common.quotation_subject
medicine.medical_treatment
Population
Wastewater
010501 environmental sciences
01 natural sciences
Heroin
Toxicology
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Environmental health
Epidemiology
medicine
Humans
Environmental Chemistry
030212 general & internal medicine
education
Waste Management and Disposal
Chromatography
High Pressure Liquid
Finland
Driving under the influence
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
media_common
education.field_of_study
Illicit Drugs
business.industry
celebrities
MDMA
medicine.disease
Pollution
Substance abuse
celebrities.reason_for_arrest
Stimulant
business
Water Pollutants
Chemical
Environmental Monitoring
medicine.drug
Zdroj: Science of The Total Environment. 568:864-874
ISSN: 0048-9697
Popis: No single measure is able to provide a complete picture of population- or community-level drug abuse and its current trends. Therefore, a multi-indicator approach is needed. The aim of this study was to combine wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) with data from other national indicators, namely driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) statistics, drug seizures, and drug use surveys. Furthermore, drug market size estimates and a comparison of confiscated drugs to drugs actually consumed by users were performed using the WBE approach. Samples for wastewater analysis were collected during one-week sampling periods in 2012, 2014 and 2015, with a maximum of 14 cities participating. The samples were analysed with a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS/MS) methodology for various common drugs of abuse. The results were then compared with data from other national indicators available. Joint interpretation of the data shows that the use of amphetamine and MDMA has increased in Finland from 2012 to 2014. A similar trend was also observed for cocaine, although its use remains at a very low level compared to many other European countries. Heroin was practically absent from the Finnish drug market during the study period. The retail market for the most common stimulant drugs were estimated to have been worth EUR 70 million for amphetamine and around EUR 10 million for both methamphetamine and cocaine, in 2014 in Finland.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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