Development of gravity currents on rapidly changing slopes
| Autor: | M. E. Negretti, Emil J. Hopfinger, Jan-Bert Flór |
|---|---|
| Přispěvatelé: | Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]) |
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Physics
Entrainment (hydrodynamics) Gravity (chemistry) Richardson number Buoyancy 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences topographic effects Mechanical Engineering Stratified flows Mechanics Reynolds stress engineering.material Condensed Matter Physics gravity currents 01 natural sciences 010305 fluids & plasmas stratified flows Flow separation Acceleration Mechanics of Materials 0103 physical sciences engineering [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph] 0105 earth and related environmental sciences |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Fluid Mechanics Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2017, 833, pp.70-97. ⟨10.1017/jfm.2017.696⟩ |
| ISSN: | 1469-7645 0022-1120 |
| Popis: | Gravity currents often occur on complex topographies and are therefore subject to spatial development. We present experimental results on continuously supplied gravity currents moving from a horizontal to a sloping boundary, which is either concave or straight. The change in boundary slope and the consequent acceleration give rise to a transition from a stable subcritical current with a large Richardson number to a Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) unstable current. It is shown here that depending on the overall acceleration parameter$\overline{T_{a}}$, expressing the rate of velocity increase, the currents can adjust gradually to the slope conditions (small$\overline{T_{a}}$) or go through acceleration–deceleration cycles (large$\overline{T_{a}}$). In the latter case, the KH billows at the interface have a strong effect on the flow dynamics, and are observed to cause boundary layer separation. Comparison of currents on concave and straight slopes reveals that the downhill deceleration on concave slopes has no qualitative influence, i.e. the dynamics is entirely dominated by the initial acceleration and ensuing KH billows. Following the similarity theory of Turner 1973 (Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press), we derive a general equation for the depth-integrated velocity that exhibits all driving and retarding forces. Comparison of this equation with the experimental velocity data shows that when$\overline{T_{a}}$is large, bottom friction and entrainment are large in the region of appearance of KH billows. The large bottom friction is confirmed by the measured high Reynolds stresses in these regions. The head velocity does not exhibit the same behaviour as the layer velocity. It gradually approaches an equilibrium state even when the acceleration parameter of the layer is large. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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