Acidification can directly affect olfaction in marine organisms
Autor: | Christina C. Roggatz, Cosima S. Porteus, Jörg D. Hardege, Peter C. Hubbard, Zélia Velez |
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Rok vydání: | 2021 |
Předmět: |
0106 biological sciences
0301 basic medicine Olfactory system Aquatic Organisms Physiology Oceans and Seas Olfaction Aquatic Science Neurotransmission 010603 evolutionary biology 01 natural sciences 03 medical and health sciences medicine Animals Seawater Receptor Molecular Biology Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics Olfactory receptor Chemistry Ocean acidification Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Olfactory bulb Smell Electrophysiology 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Insect Science Animal Science and Zoology Neuroscience |
Zdroj: | Journal of Experimental Biology. 224 |
ISSN: | 1477-9145 0022-0949 |
Popis: | In the past decade, many studies have investigated the effects of low pH/high CO2 as a proxy for ocean acidification on olfactory-mediated behaviours of marine organisms. The effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour of fish vary from very large to none at all, and most of the maladaptive behaviours observed have been attributed to changes in acid–base regulation, leading to changes in ion distribution over neural membranes, and consequently affecting the functioning of gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABAergic) neurotransmission. Here, we highlight a possible additional mechanism by which ocean acidification might directly affect olfaction in marine fish and invertebrates. We propose that a decrease in pH can directly affect the protonation, and thereby, 3D conformation and charge distribution of odorants and/or their receptors in the olfactory organs of aquatic animals. This can sometimes enhance signalling, but most of the time the affinity of odorants for their receptors is reduced in high CO2/low pH; therefore, the activity of olfactory receptor neurons decreases as measured using electrophysiology. The reduced signal reception would translate into reduced activation of the olfactory bulb neurons, which are responsible for processing olfactory information in the brain. Over longer exposures of days to weeks, changes in gene expression in the olfactory receptors and olfactory bulb neurons cause these neurons to become less active, exacerbating the problem. A change in olfactory system functioning leads to inappropriate behavioural responses to odorants. We discuss gaps in the literature and suggest some changes to experimental design in order to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and their effects on the associated behaviours to resolve some current controversy in the field regarding the extent of the effects of ocean acidification on marine fish. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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