Microglia, the missing link in maternal immune activation and fetal neurodevelopment; and a possible link in preeclampsia and disturbed neurodevelopment?

Autor: Sharon Eskandar, Bart J. L. Eggen, Sicco A. Scherjon, Jelmer R. Prins
Přispěvatelé: Reproductive Origins of Adult Health and Disease (ROAHD), Molecular Neuroscience and Ageing Research (MOLAR), Restoring Organ Function by Means of Regenerative Medicine (REGENERATE)
Rok vydání: 2018
Předmět:
0301 basic medicine
Placenta
animal diseases
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Immune tolerance
Pre-Eclampsia
Pregnancy
SCHIZOPHRENIA
INFECTION
Maternal immune activation (MIA)
Immunology and Allergy
Maternal-Fetal Exchange
Brain
Obstetrics and Gynecology
medicine.anatomical_structure
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
embryonic structures
Female
Microglia
ZIKA VIRUS
Complications of pregnancy
Immunology
chemical and pharmacologic phenomena
PERIPHERAL-BLOOD
Preeclampsia
03 medical and health sciences
Immune system
Immunity
medicine
Humans
REGULATORY T-CELLS
Inflammation
Fetus
SEMINAL PLASMA
BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER
business.industry
Macrophages
Macrophage Activation
biochemical phenomena
metabolism
and nutrition
medicine.disease
030104 developmental biology
Reproductive Medicine
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
bacteria
business
EARLY-PREGNANCY
Zdroj: Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 126, 18-22. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
ISSN: 0165-0378
DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.01.004
Popis: Disturbances in fetal neurodevelopment have extensively been related to neurodevelopmental disorders in early and later life. Fetal neurodevelopment is dependent on adequate functioning of the fetal immune system. During pregnancy, the maternal immune system is challenged to both tolerate the semi-allogenic fetus and to protect the mother and fetus from microbes. The fetal immune system is influenced by maternal immune disturbances; therefore, perturbations in maternal immunity likely do not only alter pregnancy outcome but also alter fetal neurodevelopment. A possible common pathway could be modulating the functioning of tissue macrophages in the placenta and brain.Maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus involves several complex adaptations. In this active maternal immune state, the fetus develops its own immunity. As cytokines and other players of the immune system-which can pass the placenta-are involved in neurodevelopment, disruptions in immune balance influence fetal neurodevelopment. Several studies reported an association between maternal immune activation, complications of pregnancy as preeclampsia, and altered neonatal neurodevelopment. A possible pathway involves dysfunctioning of microglia cells, the immune cells of the brain. Functionality of microglia cells during normal pregnancy is, however, poorly understood. The recent outbreak of ZIKA virus (ZKV), but also the literature on virus infections in general and its consequences on microglial cell function and fetal neurodevelopment show the devastating effects a virus infection during pregnancy can have.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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