| Popis: |
Older adults with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often have limited positive expressivity due to diminished ability to activate facial muscles. People with this deficit appear more depressed and withdrawn, which can lead to stigmatization. The Duchenne smile, which includes crinkling around the eyes, is the most potent way to express happiness. Older adults with PD maintain some deliberate control of their faces and could learn to compensate for loss of spontaneous expression by deliberately posing the Duchenne smile. We measured the ability to spontaneously and deliberately produce Duchenne smiles, and tested the relationship between smiling and enacted stigma (experiencing unfavorable attitudes from others) and felt stigma (internalizing negative stereotypes about one’s disease). Fifty-four participants with PD (Mage=65) were videotaped posing four happiness scenarios in which they were instructed to smile and say a phrase (deliberate task), and while telling an interviewer about an enjoyable activity (spontaneous task). The most expressive clip from the spontaneous task and the four role-plays were coded for Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Forty participants produced at least one Duchenne smile during their spontaneous narrative (range: 1–2) and 36 produced at least one Duchenne smile in the deliberate task (range: 1–4). Deliberate Duchenne smiling correlated with experiencing less felt stigma, r(52)=-.27, p=.05, while spontaneous Duchenne smiling correlated with experiencing less enacted stigma, r(52)=-.28, p |
