Response of photomultiplier tubes to xenon scintillation light
| Autor: | F. Froborg, B. Lopez Paredes, A. Tomás, T. J. Sumner, Robert A. Taylor, Henrique Araujo, Antonin Vacheret, N. Marangou, I. Olcina |
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| Přispěvatelé: | Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
Cryostat
Photomultiplier Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors Photon chemistry.chemical_element FOS: Physical sciences Electroluminescence Astronomy & Astrophysics 01 natural sciences Photocathode Physics Particles & Fields Xenon detectors REGION Optics Xenon 0202 Atomic Molecular Nuclear Particle And Plasma Physics 0103 physical sciences ABSORPTION 010306 general physics Scintillation TEMPERATURE physics.ins-det Physics Science & Technology 010308 nuclear & particles physics business.industry RARE-GASES LIQUID XENON Astronomy and Astrophysics Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) Vacuum ultraviolet Nuclear & Particles Physics Photomultipliers 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences AR-KR chemistry XE Physical Sciences Dark matter searches Quantum efficiency business ALPHA-PARTICLES |
| Popis: | We present the precision calibration of 35 Hamamatsu R11410-22 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with xenon scintillation light centred near 175 nm. This particular PMT variant was developed specifically for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment. A room-temperature xenon scintillation cell coupled to a vacuum cryostat was used to study the full-face PMT response at both room and low temperature $\textrm{($\sim$ -100$^\circ$C)}$, in particular to determine the quantum efficiency (QE) and double photoelectron emission (DPE) probability in LZ operating conditions. For our sample with an average QE of $\textrm{(32.4$\pm$2.9)%}$ at room temperature, we find a relative improvement of $\textrm{(17.9$\pm$5.2)%}$ upon cooling (where uncertainty values refer to the sample standard deviation). The mean DPE probability in response to single vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons is $\textrm{(22.6$\pm$2.0)%}$ at low temperature; the DPE increase relative to room temperature, measured here for the first time, was $\textrm{(12.2$\pm$3.9)%}$. Evidence of a small triple photoelectron emission probability $\textrm{($\sim$0.6%)}$ has also been observed. Useful correlations are established between these parameters and the QE as measured by the manufacturer. The single VUV photon response is also measured for one ETEL D730/9829QB, a PMT with a more standard bialkali photocathode used in the ZEPLIN-III experiment, for which we obtained a cold DPE fraction of $\textrm{(9.1$\pm$0.1)%}$. Hence, we confirm that this effect is not restricted to the low-temperature bialkali photocathode technology employed by Hamamatsu. This highlights the importance of considering this phenomenon in the interpretation of data from liquid xenon scintillation and electroluminescence detectors, and from many other optical measurements in this wavelength region. Comment: 13 pages, 16 figures |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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