Risk Factors of Extensively Drug Resistant Typhoid Fever Among Children in Karachi: Case-Control Study
| Autor: | Munaza Fatima, Ishfaque Hussain, Yousef Khader, Anum Vighio, Mirza Amir Baig, Ambreen Chaudry, Mirza Zeeshan Iqbal Baig, Naveed Masood, Muhammad Asif Syed, Zakir Hussain, Syed Masroor Zia, Aamer Ikram |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
case-control study
030231 tropical medicine Health Informatics Drug resistance Typhoid fever 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Risk Factors Environmental health Humans Medicine Outpatient clinic 030212 general & internal medicine Typhoid Fever Child Original Paper Univariate analysis drug resistance business.industry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Case-control study Outbreak Odds ratio medicine.disease Trimethoprim Anti-Bacterial Agents Pharmaceutical Preparations Case-Control Studies extensively drug resistant typhoid fever Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 business medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, Vol 7, Iss 5, p e27276 (2021) JMIR Public Health and Surveillance |
| ISSN: | 2369-2960 |
| Popis: | Background Extensively drug resistant typhoid fever (XDR-TF) has been responsible for an ongoing outbreak in Pakistan, which began in November 2016. Objective This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with XDR-TF. Methods This age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted during May-October 2018 in Karachi. All patients with XDR-TF were identified from the laboratory-based surveillance system data. Cases included patients aged Results A total of 75 cases and 75 controls were included in this study. On univariate analysis, the odds of having XDR-TF were 13-fold higher among participants who used piped municipal water than among those who did not (odds ratio [OR] 12.6, 95% CI 4.1-38.6). The use of bore water was significantly associated with XDR-TF (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.4-19.0). Cases were more likely to report eating French fries with sauce (OR 13.5, 95% CI 3.9-47.0) and poppadum (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.7) from street vendors than controls. Boiling water at home was negatively associated with XDR-TF (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.7). On multivariate analysis, 2 factors were independently associated with XDR-TF. Using piped municipal water (OR 10.3, 95% CI 3.4-30.4) and eating French fries with sauce from street vendors (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.1-36.2) were significantly associated with an increased odds of XDR-TF. Conclusions Community water supply and street food eating habits were implicated in the spread of the superbug S typhi outbreak, which continues to grow in Karachi. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the community water supply to meet recommended standards and to develop a policy to improve the safety of street food. In addition, health authorities are required to conduct mass vaccination for TF among high-risk groups. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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