Biomarkers of Exposure in ENDS Users, Smokers, and Dual Users of American Indian Descent
| Autor: | David M. Thompson, Theodore L. Wagener, Lacy S. Brame, Lancer Stephens, Jennifer D. Peck, Janis E. Campbell, Dana M. Carroll, Laura A. Beebe |
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| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
030505 public health
Health (social science) business.industry Health Policy Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Nicotine 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Biomarker (medicine) Medicine 030212 general & internal medicine 0305 other medical science business medicine.drug Demography |
| Zdroj: | Tobacco Regulatory Science. 4:3-15 |
| ISSN: | 2333-9748 |
| DOI: | 10.18001/trs.4.2.1 |
| Popis: | Objectives We measured biomarkers of exposure among American Indian (AI) ENDS users, smokers, and dual users. Methods Urine was analyzed for total nicotine equivalents (TNE) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol(NNAL). Expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) was collected. Two analyses were performed. "CO analysis" included smokers and dual users whose CO was ≥ 6 ppm and ENDS users whose CO was < 6 ppm. "NNAL analysis" included smokers and dual users whose NNAL was ≥ 47.3 pg/mg, and ENDS users whose NNAL was < 47.3 pg/mg. Biomarkers were summarized by geometric means (GM) and compared with nonparametric tests. Results In both analyses, TNE was no different across the groups, and NNAL and CO were lower in ENDS users. In the NNAL analysis the GM of NNAL was 261.4, 6.1, and 228.0 pg/mg among smokers, ENDS users, and dual users (p < .001). Also in the NNAL analysis, the GM of CO was 14.7, 2.4, and 16.8 ppm among smokers, ENDS users, and dual users (p < .001). Conclusions ENDS users did not differ in nicotine and had lower exposure to a lung carcinogen and a cardiovascular toxicant than smokers or dual users. Dual users and smokers did not differ in biomarker levels. Results should be used to inform tribal regulations and to educate the AI community on ENDS. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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