Crystals and tablets in the Spanish ecstasy market 2000–2014: Are they the same or different in terms of purity and adulteration?
| Autor: | Mireia Ventura Vilamala, Iván Fornís Espinosa, Joan Rodríguez Rodríguez, Rafael de la Torre Fornell, Cristina Gil Lladanosa, Claudio Vidal Giné, Ariadna Fitó Fruitós, Nú Calzada Álvarez, Antonia Domíngo Salvany |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
N-Methyl-3
4-methylenedioxyamphetamine Sample (material) Ecstasy 030508 substance abuse Poison control Pharmacology 01 natural sciences Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Pathology and Forensic Medicine Crystal 03 medical and health sciences medicine Humans Adulterant Chromatography Illicit Drugs business.industry 010401 analytical chemistry MDMA 0104 chemical sciences Phenacetin Hallucinogens Spectrophotometry Ultraviolet Gas chromatography Crystallization Drug Contamination 0305 other medical science business Law Tablets medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Forensic Science International. 263:164-168 |
| ISSN: | 0379-0738 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.016 |
| Popis: | Background Although 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has a long history in recreational settings, research on its composition (purity and adulteration) has focused only on tablets even though crystal format is readily available for users. Methods Drug specimens collected between January 2000 and December 2014 were analyzed at Energy Control's facilities. All samples were voluntarily provided by drug users. Sample identification was made with thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and quantification with ultraviolet spectrophotometry (only in unadulterated samples). Results Between January 2000 and December 2014, 6200 samples purchased as ecstasy by their users were analyzed. Crystals were the most frequent format (60.6%) followed by tablets (38.8%). During the study period, the proportion of samples containing only MDMA was higher in crystals than in tablets. Compared with tablets, adulterated crystal samples contained the same number of adulterants but more combinations of different substances. Although caffeine was commonly detected as adulterant both in crystals and tablets, other substances such as phenacetin, lidocaine, dextrometorphan or methamphetamine were detected almost exclusively in crystal samples. The amount of MDMA in crystal samples remained stable unlike tablets for which a huge increase in MDMA dose was observed since 2010. Conclusion Crystal samples of ecstasy showed clear differences compared to ecstasy tablets and this must be taken into account both in research and harm reduction. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|
Full Text from ScienceDirect