Protection of Endothelial Function: Targets for Nutritional and Pharmacological Interventions

Autor: Frank Hermann, Georg Noll, Thomas F. Lüscher, Lukas E. Spieker, Isabella Sudano, Roberto Corti, Andreas J. Flammer
Přispěvatelé: University of Zurich, Lüscher, Thomas F
Rok vydání: 2006
Předmět:
Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
Vascular smooth muscle
Flavonoids/pharmacology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Antagonists/pharmacology
medicine.disease_cause
Hypercholesterolemia/physiopathology
Angiotensin
chemistry.chemical_compound
Endothelin-1
Endothelins/antagonists &
Endothelins
HDL/physiology
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
3004 Pharmacology
medicine.anatomical_structure
Adrenergic beta
10209 Clinic for Cardiology
Nitric Oxide/*physiology
CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
Dyslipidemias/physiopathology
medicine.symptom
Lipoproteins
HDL
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Endothelin receptor
1/physiology
medicine.medical_specialty
Endothelium
Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
Lipoproteins
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
Hypercholesterolemia
610 Medicine & health
Context (language use)
Inflammation
Biology
Arginine
Nitric Oxide
2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Endothelin
Nitric oxide
Arginine/metabolism
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Internal medicine
Vascular/drug effects/*physiology
medicine
Humans
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Biopterin/analogs &
Dyslipidemias
Flavonoids
Pharmacology
Cacao
Vascular disease
Atherosclerosis
medicine.disease
Biopterin
Oxidative Stress
Endocrinology
chemistry
Hydroxymethylglutaryl
inhibitors/physiology
derivatives/pharmacology
Endothelium
Vascular
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Reactive Oxygen Species
Oxidative stress
Zdroj: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 47:S136-S150
ISSN: 0160-2446
DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200606001-00008
Popis: The vascular endothelium synthesizes and releases a spectrum of vasoactive substances and therefore plays a fundamental role in the basal and dynamic regulation of the circulation. Nitric oxide (NO)-originally described as endothelium-derived relaxing factor-is released from endothelial cells in response to shear stress produced by blood flow, and in response to activation of a variety of receptors. After diffusion from endothelial to vascular smooth muscle cells, NO increases intracellular cyclic guanosine-monophosphate concentrations by activation of the enzyme guanylate cyclase leading to relaxation of the smooth muscle cells. NO has also antithrombogenic, antiproliferative, leukocyte-adhesion inhibiting effects, and influences myocardial contractility. Endothelium-derived NO-mediated vascular relaxation is impaired in spontaneously hypertensive animals. NO decomposition by free oxygen radicals is a major mechanism of impaired NO bioavailability. The resulting imbalance of endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting substances disturbs the normal function of the vascular endothelium. Endothelin acts as the natural counterpart to endothelium-derived NO. Besides its arterial blood pressure rising effect in humans, endothelin-1 induces vascular and myocardial hypertrophy, which are independent risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Current therapeutic strategies concentrate mainly on lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an impressive reduction in the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been achieved. Inflammatory mechanisms play an important role in vascular disease and inflammatory plasma markers correlate with prognosis. The production of reactive oxygen species under pathological conditions may represent an important inflammatory trigger. Novel therapeutic strategies specifically targeting inflammation thus bear great potential for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease. In this context, the vascular actions of flavanol-rich cocoa, particularly with regard to enhanced NO synthesis and endothelial function observed in humans following consumption, warrants further attention. This review discusses pharmacological and dietary intervention.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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