The exposure of infants and children to carbon monoxide from biomass fuels in The Gambia: a measurement and modeling study
| Autor: | Richard A. Adegbola, Kathie L. Dionisio, Readon C. Ideh, Bernard E. Ebruke, Stephen R. C. Howie, Francesca Dominici, Majid Ezzati, Osaretin Chimah, Claire Oluwalana, Kimberly M. Fornace, Simon Donkor, John D. Spengler |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2011 |
| Předmět: |
Epidemiology
Biomass Toxicology complex mixtures chemistry.chemical_compound Smoke Surveys and Questionnaires parasitic diseases Humans Cooking Pollutant Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide Waste management Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health food and beverages Environmental Exposure Pneumonia Pollution chemistry Air Pollution Indoor Biofuels Child Preschool Linear Models population characteristics Environmental science Gambia Particulate Matter Seasons Biomass fuels geographic locations Environmental Monitoring Carbon monoxide |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 22:173-181 |
| ISSN: | 1559-064X 1559-0631 |
| DOI: | 10.1038/jes.2011.47 |
| Popis: | Smoke from biomass fuels is a risk factor for pneumonia, the leading cause of child death worldwide. Although particulate matter (PM) is the metric of choice for studying the health effects of biomass smoke, measuring children's PM exposure is difficult. Carbon monoxide (CO), which is easier to measure, can be used as a proxy for PM exposure. We measured the exposure of children ≤ 5 years of age in The Gambia to CO using small, passive, color stain diffusion tubes. We conducted multiple CO measurements on a subset of children to measure day-to-day exposure variability. Usual CO exposure was modeled using a mixed effects model, which also included individual and household level exposure predictors. Mean measured CO exposure for 1181 children (n=2263 measurements) was 1.04 ± 1.46 p.p.m., indicating that the Gambian children in this study on average have a relatively low CO exposure. However, 25% of children had exposures of 1.3 p.p.m. or higher. CO exposure was higher during the rainy months (1.33 ± 1.62 p.p.m.). Burning insect coils, using charcoal, and measurement done in the rainy season were associated with higher exposure. A parsimonious model with fuel, season, and other PM sources as covariates explained 39% of between-child variation in exposure and helped remove within-child variability. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|