Chromatin Switches during Neural Cell Differentiation and Their Dysregulation by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
| Autor: | Sajoy P. Varghese, Marina Guizzetti, Dennis R. Grayson, David P. Gavin |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
neurons Context (language use) Review neural cell differentiation 03 medical and health sciences Astrocyte differentiation 0302 clinical medicine Genetics medicine Neural cell Genetics (clinical) DNA methylation biology histone modifications Neurogenesis astrocytes Chromatin 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Histone fetal alcohol biology.protein chromatin Neuron Neuroscience 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| Zdroj: | Genes |
| ISSN: | 2073-4425 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/genes8050137 |
| Popis: | Prenatal alcohol exposure causes persistent neuropsychiatric deficits included under the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Cellular identity emerges from a cascade of intrinsic and extrinsic (involving cell-cell interactions and signaling) processes that are partially initiated and maintained through changes in chromatin structure. Prenatal alcohol exposure influences neuronal and astrocyte development, permanently altering brain connectivity. Prenatal alcohol exposure also alters chromatin structure through histone and DNA modifications. However, the data linking alcohol-induced differentiation changes with developmental alterations in chromatin structure remain to be elucidated. In the first part of this review, we discuss the sequence of chromatin structural changes involved in neural cell differentiation during normal development. We then discuss the effects of prenatal alcohol on developmental histone modifications and DNA methylation in the context of neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis. We attempt to synthesize the developmental literature with the FASD literature, proposing that alcohol-induced changes to chromatin structure account for altered neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis as well as altered neuron and astrocyte differentiation. Together these changes may contribute to the cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in FASD. Future studies using standardized alcohol exposure paradigms at specific developmental stages will advance the understanding of how chromatin structural changes impact neural cell fate and maturation in FASD. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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