A combination of invasive and non-invasive techniques for the study of the palette and painting structure of a copy of Raphael’s Transfguration of Christ
| Autor: | Giacomo Chiari, Eloisa Manzano, J. Daniel Martin-Ramos, Philippe Sarrazin, Rosario Blanc, José Luis Vilchez |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Pigments
Archeology Baryte Fine Arts media_common.quotation_subject µATR-FTIR Mineralogy Conservation engineering.material chemistry.chemical_compound Raphael Transfiguration copy media_common Painting QD71-142 pXRD Art Hematite µRS Painting structure SEM–EDX Palette (painting) chemistry Cinnabar visual_art Raphael Transfguration copy engineering visual_art.visual_art_medium White lead Lapis lazuli Analytical chemistry Lazurite |
| Zdroj: | Heritage Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2021) Digibug. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Granada instname |
| Popis: | We thank the owner of the painting Mr. F. Fernandez Fábregas and the research group FQM-338 (University of Granada) for letting us use its facilities. We also thank Maria José Campos for the preparation of the cross-section samples All the authors belong to the research team Unit of Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques Unit (University of Granada, Spain) funded by EQC2018-004952-P and A‐HUM‐164‐UGR18 Projects, currently active. All the authors read and approved the fnal manuscript. EM: Professor of Analytical Chemistry applied under Cultural heritage at the Department of Analytical chemistry of the University of Granada, Spain. The author contributed to the examination of the Transfguration of Christ, using photography, SEM–EDX, and performed the µRS and µATR-FTIR analyses; and contributed to the interpretation of the datasets, contextualization of data, and writing of the manuscript. RB: Full Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Department of Analytical chemistry of the University of Granada, Spain. The author contributed to the examination of the painting, sampling, contextualization of the painting, elaboration of tables and fgures, contextualization of data, and participated in the interpretation of the datasets. The author read and approved the fnal manuscript. JDM-R: Professor of Mineralogy at the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology of the University of Granada, Spain. The author provided the interpretation of the mineralogical data. GCh: Professor of Mineralogy Applied under Cultural Herit‑ age at the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Torino, Italy, Chief Scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles, CA (director of the Science department for 11 years). The author works now as a freelance con‑ sultant in the feld of Conservation of Cultural heritage. The author read and approved the fnal manuscript. PS: Scientist at the SETI Institute and founder of eXaminart LLC. The author develops miniature X-ray analytical instruments for Space exploration ((e.g. the NASA CheMin XRD instrument inside the Curiosity Mars rover) and portable instruments dedicated to cultural heritage. The author contributed to the examination of the Transfguration of Christ, using pXRD. The author read and approved the fnal manuscript. JLV: Full Profes‑ sor of Analytical Chemistry at the Department of Analytical chemistry of the University of Granada, Spain. The author contributed to the Transfguration of Christ, using photography, SEM–EDX; contributed to the interpretation of the datasets, the contextualization and revision of data. All authors read and approved the fnal manuscript. The main objective of this study is to establish an appropriate method for the characterization of the pigments, materials and structure of the paint layers in a copy of the painting the Transfiguration of Christ by Raffaello Sanzio. A multi-technique approach that combines elemental, molecular and structural analyses and involves optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), mu-Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed (mu ATR-FTIR), mu-Raman spectrometry (mu RS) and non-invasive portable diffractometer (pXRD) was used. Our results revealed that this copy of the Transfiguration was executed with a palette, which includes white lead (cerussite and hydrocerussite), lazurite from lapis lazuli pigment, red and yellow earths (goethite, hematite and lepidocrocite), lead tin yellow, cinnabar, red lake, smalt and bone black, and fillers such as calcite, baryte (an impurity associated to some pigments), and traces of colorless powdered glass. A secondary objective of this research was the application of non-invasive in situ pXRD measurements, which do not require painting sampling and helped to confirm some inconclusive results obtained with other techniques regarding the artist's palette. The results showed the crystalline nature of all the pigments identified, which were known from ancient times and available during the 16th and 17th. Lastly, the used of C-14 accelerator mass spectrometry determined that the canvas date was 1451-1633 AD (with a 95% confidence level). Although the main focus of the work was to improve the analytical methodology to better understand the artist's palette, our results will further help us to explore the authorship of the copy or the school that executed it. Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques Unit EQC2018-004952-P Proyecto de investigación FEDER / Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento / A ‐ HUM ‐ 164 ‐ UGR18. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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