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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of dried plum supplementation on modulating cytokines involved in macrophage polarization, osteoblast differentiation biomarkers, and functional outcomes of bone health in osteopenic men. METHODS: 60 men (Groups A, n = 24; B, n = 23; C, n = 13) between the ages of 55 and 80 with bone loss (T-score between −0.1 and −2.5 SD below the mean) were included in this study. Group A, B, and C consumed 100g, 50g, or 0g of dried plums daily for six months, respectively. All three groups also consumed a multivitamin containing 450 mg calcium and 800 IU vitamin D. Serum samples of 49 participants were analyzed at baseline, three months, and six months for concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand RANKL, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). DXA scans were performed to measure site specific bone mineral density and bone mineral content at baseline, three months, and six months. RESULTS: Our results indicate that after six months there was no significant differences for anthropometric or body composition measurements. Neither group had a protective effect on bone density, however, there was a time dependent decrease in left hip BMD at 6 months compared to 3 months (P |
