Metabolism of Sulfamethoxazole by the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana
| Autor: | Khang Huynh, Dawn Reinhold |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Glycosylation
Sulfamethoxazole medicine.drug_class Antibiotics Arabidopsis 010501 environmental sciences urologic and male genital diseases 01 natural sciences Excretion chemistry.chemical_compound medicine Environmental Chemistry Arabidopsis thaliana Humans 0105 earth and related environmental sciences biology Chemistry General Chemistry Metabolism bacterial infections and mycoses biology.organism_classification female genital diseases and pregnancy complications Anti-Bacterial Agents Transformation (genetics) Biochemistry medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Environmental sciencetechnology. 53(9) |
| ISSN: | 1520-5851 |
| Popis: | Phytometabolism of antibiotics is a potentially significant route of human exposure to trace concentrations of antibiotics, prompting concerns about antibiotic resistance. The present study evaluated the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a commonly used sulfonamide antibiotic, by Arabidopsis thaliana. SMX was intensively metabolized by A. thaliana, with only 1.1% of SMX in plant tissues present as the parent compound after 10 days of exposure. Untargeted screening of extractable metabolites revealed that N-glycosylation was the main transformation pathway of SMX in A. thaliana plants, with N4-glycosyl-SMX accounting for more than 80% of the extractable metabolites. Additionally, N4-glycosyl-glycoside SMX accounted for up to 4.4% of the extractable metabolites, indicating glycosylation of N4-glycosyl-SMX. The majority of minor extractable SMX metabolites were also conjugates of the parent compound, such as pterin-SMX and methyl salicylate-SMX conjugates. In 14C-SMX trials, 14C-radioactivity was detected in both extractable and bound residues in plant tissues. Extractable residues, which included 14C-SMX and its soluble metabolites, accounted for 35.8-43.6% of the uptaken 14C-radioactivity, while bound residues were 56.4-64.2%. Approximately 27.0% of the initially applied 14C-radioactivity remained in the culture media at the conclusion of the experiments, composed of both 14C-SMX and its metabolites, likely due to plant excretion. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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