Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil, and Child Health Risks According to the Target Hazard Quotients and Target Cancer Risk
| Autor: | Cristine Couto de Almeida, Diego dos Santos Baião, Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues, Tatiana Dillenburg Saint’Pierre, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, Katia Christina Leandro, Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin, Marion Pereira da Costa, Carlos Adam Conte-Junior |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: |
Health
Toxicology and Mutagenesis Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Child Health Infant Newborn Receptors Antigen T-Cell Infant Food Contamination Mercury Risk Assessment Infant Formula Arsenic Heavy Metal Poisoning Tin Metals Heavy Neoplasms Carcinogens Humans Uranium food analysis food safety early childhood health toxic metals hazard quotient risk toxicological risk carcinogenic risk Child Brazil Aluminum Cadmium Metalloids |
| Zdroj: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; Volume 19; Issue 18; Pages: 11178 |
| ISSN: | 1660-4601 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/ijerph191811178 |
| Popis: | Children are highly vulnerable to chemical exposure. Thus, metal and metalloid in infant formulas are a concern, although studies in this regard are still relatively scarce. Thus, the presence of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, tin, mercury, lead, and uranium was investigated in infant formulas marketed in Brazil by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) and Target Cancer Risk (TCR) were calculated in to assess the potential risk of toxicity for children who consume these products continuously. Aluminum ranging from 0.432 ± 0.049 to 1.241 ± 0.113 mg·kg−1, arsenic from 0.012 ± 0.009 to 0.034 ± 0.006 mg·kg−1, and tin from 0.007 ± 0.003 to 0.095 ± 0.024 mg·kg−1 were the major elements, while cadmium and uranium were present at the lowest concentrations. According to the THQ, arsenic contents in infant formulas showed a THQ > 1, indicating potential health risk concerns for newborns or children. Minimal carcinogenic risks were observed for the elements considered carcinogenic. Metabolic and nutritional interactions are also discussed. This study indicates the need to improve infant formula surveillance concerning contamination by potentially toxic and carcinogenic elements. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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