| Popis: |
Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) are among the major effectors of Ang II (angiotensin II) in vascular smooth muscle cells. ROS are related to Ca 2+ signaling or contraction induced by Ang II, but little is known about their detailed functions. Here, NOX (NADPH oxidase), a major ROS source responsive to Ang II, was investigated regarding its contribution to Ca 2+ signaling. Methods: Vascular smooth muscle cells were primary cultured from rat aorta. Ca 2+ and ROS were monitored mainly using fura-2 and HyPer family probes‚ respectively. Signals activating NOX were examined with relevant pharmacological inhibitors and genetic manipulation techniques. Results: Ang II–induced ROS generation was found to be biphasic: the first phase of ROS production, which was mainly mediated by NOX1, was small and transient, preceding a rise in Ca 2+ , and the second phase of ROS generation, mediated by NOX1 and NOX4, was slow but sizeable, continuing over tens of minutes. NOX1-derived superoxide in the first phase is required for Ca 2+ influx through nonselective cation channels. AT1R (Ang II type 1 receptor)-G βγ -PI3K γ (phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ) signaling pathway was responsible for the rapid activation of NOX1 in the first phase, while in the second phase, NOX1 was further activated by a separate AT1R-Gα q/11 -PLC (phospholipase C)-PKC β (protein kinase C β) signaling axis. Consistent with these observations, aortas from NOX1-knockout mice exhibited reduced contractility in response to Ang II, and thus the acute pressor response to Ang II was also attenuated in NOX1-knockout mice. Conclusions: NOX1 mediates Ca 2+ signal generation and thereby contributes to vascular contraction and blood pressure elevation by Ang II. |
