| Popis: |
This article studies Turkey’s Middle East policy since its foundation in 1923. Turkey’s interest in the Middle East is bound up with a resurgence of the traditional basis of Turkish foreign policy, namely Ottomanism (neo-Ottomanism) and Pan-Turkism (neo-Pan-Turkism). Two periods of Turkey’s relations with the Middle East will be examined: 2002–2016, corresponding to the conceptual design and implementation of Davutoğlu’s initiatives with the support of the AKP party, and 2016–2020, the post-Davutoğlu era. It will be shown that throughout both periods, Turkey tried to go from being a buffer country to becoming a diplomatically active state and the leader of the Middle East. The country’s Middle East policy thus underwent a gradual shift from soft power to a combination of hard and soft power. In the process, Turkey’s policy of “zero problems with neighbors” has given way to a new reality of “zero friends.” Any current cooperation Turkey has with its neighbors is mostly pragmatic rather than friendly. In the following, it will be shown how the current configuration of Turkey’s foreign policy combines neo-Ottomanism and Islamism (Islamist neo-Ottomanism), and that Turkey’s interests have extended to parts of the Middle East which have never been under Ottoman rule. |
