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Bladder cancer begins after the healthy cells in the bladder wall, the most commonly urothelial cells change and grow out of control, forming a mass called tumor urothelial cells, the urothelial cells that also line the renal pelvis and ureter cancer that develops in the type of urothelial cancer, and it is often called upper tract urothelial cancer. A tumor can be benign or malignant, a cancerous tumor is malignant it can grow and spread to other parts of the body, a benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread, these are very rare. Bladder tumors can be divided into 3 types based on microscopic structure of the tumor cells: Urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and others include sarcoma. These cancers may be of two types based on cell type bladder cancer that can be categorized as NMIBC (Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer) and MIBC (Muscle invasive bladder cancer). Risk factors include tobacco use, age, gender, race, chemicals, chronic bladder problems, cyclophosphamide use and pioglitazone use, personal history, schistosomiasis, arsenic exposure, genetic syndromes. Clinical symptoms are blood clots in the urine, pain or burning micturition, frequent urination, lower back ache on one side of the body in the abdomen region, hematuria. Diagnostic tests include urine test, cystoscopy, biopsy, TURBT, MRI, CT (KUB), and USG. Treatment includes surgical removal by TURBT, BCG vaccination, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in addition palliative or supportive care. |
