Risk assessment for drugs of abuse in the Dutch watercycle
Autor: | Erik Emke, Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Félix Hernández, Ans Versteegh, Ellen Dijkman, Bianca van de Ven, Pim de Voogt, Lubertus Bijlsma, Monique van der Aa |
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Přispěvatelé: | Earth Surface Science (IBED, FNWI) |
Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2013 |
Předmět: |
Drugs of abuse
Environmental Engineering Metabolite Sewage Risk Assessment Waste Disposal Fluid chemistry.chemical_compound Water Cycle Rivers Humans Drinking water Raw water Water pollution Waste Management and Disposal Effluent Biology Water Science and Technology Civil and Structural Engineering Netherlands Sewage water Environmental risk characterization business.industry Illicit Drugs Ecological Modeling Drinking Water Water Pollution Water Surface water Pollution Chemistry chemistry Environmental chemistry Benzoylecgonine Environmental science Public Health Risk assessment business Laboratories Water Pollutants Chemical |
Zdroj: | Water research Repositori Universitat Jaume I Universitat Jaume I Water Research, 47(5), 1848-1857. Elsevier |
ISSN: | 0043-1354 |
Popis: | A screening campaign of drugs of abuse (DOA) and their relevant metabolites in the aqueous environment was performed in the Netherlands. The presence of DOA, together with the potential risks for the environment and the possible human exposure to these compounds through consumption of drinking water was investigated. Sewage water (influent and effluent), surface water of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, and drinking water (raw and finished) were analysed by four different laboratories using fully in-house validated methods for a total number of 34 DOA and metabolites. In this way, data reported for several compounds could also be confirmed by other laboratories, giving extra confidence to the results obtained in this study. In total 17 and 22 DOA were detected and quantified in influent and effluent sewage samples, respectively. The tranquilizers oxazepam and temazepam, and cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine were found in high concentrations in sewage water. Nine compounds were possibly not efficiently removed during treatment and were detected in surface waters. The results indicated that substantial fractions of the total load of DOA and metabolites in the rivers Rhine and Meuse enter the Netherlands from abroad. For some compounds, loads appear to increase going downstream, which is caused by a contribution from Dutch sewage water effluents. As far as data are available, no environmental effects are expected of the measured DOA in surface waters. In raw water, three DOA were detected, whereas in only one finished drinking water out of the 17 tested, benzoylecgonine was identified, albeit at a concentration below the limit of quantification ( |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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