Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Transplant Survival: Extending or Shortening It?
| Autor: | Feifei Qiu, Golay D. Nie, Huazhen Liu, Zhenhua Dai, Ping Fan, Wanlin Yu, Chun-Ling Liang |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Immunology
cigarette smoking 030230 surgery Immune tolerance Nicotine 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Immune system Immunology and Allergy Medicine innate immunity Innate immune system business.industry Alloimmunity adaptive immunity Acquired immune system medicine.disease Transplant rejection Transplantation transplant tolerance Perspective allograft survival business 030215 immunology medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| ISSN: | 1664-3224 |
| DOI: | 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00127 |
| Popis: | Cigarette smoking (CS) regulates both innate and adaptive immunity and causes numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and autoimmune diseases, allergies, cancers, and transplant rejection. Therefore, smoking poses a serious challenge to the healthcare system worldwide. Epidemiological studies have always shown that CS is one of the major risk factors for transplant rejection, even though smoking plays redundant roles in regulating immune responses. The complex roles for smoking in immunoregulation are likely due to molecular and functional diversities of cigarette smoke components, including carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine. Especially, CO has been shown to induce immune tolerance. Although CS has been shown to impact transplantation by causing complications and subsequent rejection, it is overlooked whether CS interferes with transplant tolerance. We have previously demonstrated that cigarette smoke exposure reverses long-term allograft survival induced by costimulatory blockade. Given that CS impacts both adaptive and innate immunity and that it hinders long-term transplant survival, our perspective is that CS impacts transplant tolerance. Here, we review impacts of CS on major immune cells that are critical for transplant outcomes and propose the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on alloimmunity and transplant survival. Further investigations are warranted to fully understand why CS exerts deleterious rather than beneficial effects on transplant survival even if some of its components are immunosuppressive. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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