PULMONARY EFFECTS OF ULTRAFINE AND FINE AMMONIUM SALTS AEROSOLS IN HEALTHY AND MONOCROTALINE-TREATED RATS FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE
| Autor: | Paul H. B. Fokkens, S.M. Spoor, L. van Bree, A. J. F. Boere, Flemming R. Cassee, Josje H.E. Arts, J. A. M. A. Dormans |
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| Rok vydání: | 2002 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Ammonium sulfate Hypertension Pulmonary Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Ammonium nitrate Inorganic chemistry Toxicology Rats Sprague-Dawley chemistry.chemical_compound Nitrate Lactate dehydrogenase Administration Inhalation Macrophages Alveolar Animals Ammonium Ferrous Compounds Particle Size Lung Aerosols Ammonium bisulfate Inhalation exposure Air Pollutants Monocrotaline Nitrates Chromatography Rats Aerosol Quaternary Ammonium Compounds chemistry Ammonium Sulfate Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid |
| Zdroj: | Inhalation Toxicology. 14:1215-1229 |
| ISSN: | 1091-7691 0895-8378 |
| DOI: | 10.1080/08958370290084872 |
| Popis: | In the present study the effects of a 3-day inhalation exposure to model compounds for ambient particulate matter were investigated: ammonium bisulfate, ammonium ferrosulfate, and ammonium nitrate, all components of the secondary aerosol fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM), and carbon black (CB, model aerosol for primary PM). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that secondary model aerosols exert acute pulmonary adverse effects in rats, and that rats with pulmonary hypertension (PH), induced by monocrotaline (MCT), are more sensitive to these components than normal healthy animals. An additional aim was to test the hypothesis that fine particles exert more effects than ultrafines. Healthy and PH rats were exposed to ultrafine (mass median diameter [MMD] = 0.07-0.10 um; 4 × 105 particles/cm3) and fine (MMD = 0.57-0.64 μm; 9 × 103 particles/cm3) ammonium aerosols during 4 h/day for 3 consecutive days. The mean mass concentrations ranged from 70 to 420 μg/m3, respectively, for ultrafine ammonium bisulfate, nitrate, and ferrosulfate and from 275 to 410 μg/m3 for fine-mode aerosols. In an additional experiment, simultaneous exposure to a fine CB aerosol (0.6 μm; 2-9 mg/m3) and ammonium nitrate (0.4-18 mg/m3) was performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis and histopathological examination were performed on animals sacrificed 1 day after the last exposure. Histopathology of the lungs did not reveal test atmosphere-related abnormalities in either healthy or PH rats exposed to the ammonium salts, or to a combination of CB + nitrate. Alveolar macrophages in rats exposed to CB only revealed the presence of black material in their cytoplasm. There were no signs of cytotoxicity due to the aerosol exposures (as measured with lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], protein, and albumin contents in BALF). Macrophages were not activated after MCT treatment or the test atmospheres, since no changes were observed in N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG). Cell differentiation profiles were inconsistent, partly caused by an already present infection with Haemophilus sp. However, we believe that the test atmospheres did not affect cell differentiation or total cell counts. The results show that at exposure levels of ammonium salts at least one order of magnitude higher than ambient levels, marked adverse health effects were absent in both healthy and PH rats. Chemicals/CAS: acetylglucosaminidase, 9027-56-9; ammonium nitrate, 6484-52-2; lactate dehydrogenase, 9001-60-9; monocrotaline, 315-22-0, 8051-27-2; Aerosols; Air Pollutants; ammonium bisulfate, 7803-63-6; ammonium ferrous sulfate, 19864-63-2; ammonium nitrate, 6484-52-2; Ammonium Sulfate, 7783-20-2; Ferrous Compounds; Monocrotaline, 315-22-0; Nitrates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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