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Graphical abstract
Highlights • COVID-19 created a threat, leading to global economic crises due to massive lockdown to control the transmission. • A comparative discussion on COVID-19 using electrochemical techniques is summarised. • Electrochemical detection of various viruses is discussed. • Role of nanotechnology for pathogen detection is discussed. • The major focus is given on tracing, testing and treatment.
Virus-induced infection such as SARS-CoV-2 is a serious threat to human health and the economic setback of the world. Continued advances in the development of technologies are required before the viruses undergo mutation. The low concentration of viruses in environmental samples makes the detection extremely challenging; simple, accurate and rapid detection methods are in urgent need. Of all the analytical techniques, electrochemical methods have the established capabilities to address the issues. Particularly, the integration of nanotechnology would allow miniature devices to be made available at the point-of-care. This review outlines the capabilities of electrochemical methods in conjunction with nanotechnology for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Future directions and challenges of the electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are covered including wearable and conformal biosensors, detection of plant pathogens, multiplexed detection, and reusable biosensors for on-site monitoring, thereby providing low-cost and disposable biosensors. |
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