How regulatory issues surrounding new breeding technologies can impact smallholder farmer breeding : A case study from the Philippines
| Autor: | Bram De Jonge, Bert Visser, Rene Salazar |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: |
Natural resource economics
patents Legislation WASS Plant Science new breeding technologies Horticulture Intellectual property Law Group Biosafety farmer breeding WOT CGN genetic modification GE1-350 Emerging markets intellectual property rights Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics business.industry Botany food and beverages biosafety Forestry Genetically modified organism Environmental sciences Recht Agriculture QK1-989 Trait Portfolio digital sequence information business |
| Zdroj: | Plants People Planet, 4(1), 96-105 Plants, People, Planet, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 96-105 (2022) Plants People Planet 4 (2022) 1 |
| ISSN: | 2572-2611 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/ppp3.10219 |
| Popis: | Societal Impact Statement The widespread use of patents on plants and plant parts in low‐ and middle‐income countries demonstrates the increasing privatisation of crop genetic resources and potentially limits the use of these resources in farmer breeding, increasing the dependence of smallholder farmers on the private seed sector. Use of genetically modified traits in farmer breeding poses biosafety issues. Adaptation of patent legislation to the benefit of smallholder breeding and development of alternative seed sources from the public breeding sector could contain these negative impacts on farmer‐breeder efforts and ultimately on food and nutrition security. Summary This paper explores the potential impact of increased use of digital sequence information (DSI) through new breeding technologies (NBTs) and its associated patent and biosafety strategies and policies on smallholder agriculture and breeding in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We performed a case study in the southern Philippines, involving multiple field visits and interviews, where smallholder farmers deliberately and successfully incorporated a genetically modified, patent‐protected trait into popular open‐pollinated varieties (OPVs) of both yellow and white maize, resulting in the wide‐spread dissemination of glyphosate‐tolerant open‐pollinated varieties (OPVs) called sige‐sige. The particular case poses a suite of questions regarding farmer producer health, biosafety and access to plant genetic resources protected by patent rights. Considering current trends, it is predicted that the rise of NBTs such as gene editing will lead to more patents on breeding processes and on gene‐edited crop plants, including in low‐ and middle‐income countries and emerging economies. Since in many jurisdictions NBTs may be regulated as genetic engineering processes and products, biosafety regulations and related management requirements need to be considered as well. By recognising and supporting the breeding efforts of farmers, governments can tap into the potential for creating a wider portfolio of varieties that are better adjusted to the needs of smallholder farmers. If the spread of GMOs in smallholder agriculture should be contained, alternative seed sources for farmer‐breeding from the public breeding sector will be highly needed. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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