The Role of the 3Rs for Understanding and Modeling the Human Placenta
| Autor: | R. E. Mackay, Arti Ahluwalia, Elisabete Silva, Joana Costa, Emmanouil Karteris, Sophie-Christine de Aguiar Greca, Alessandro Corti |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
placenta Placenta Legislation Review placenta on a chip in silico models Organ-on-a-chip 3Rs 03 medical and health sciences in vitro models 0302 clinical medicine medicine Placenta on a chip 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine Animal Welfare (journal) Organ on a chip business.industry organ on a chip Human placenta In vitro models General Medicine Collective impact Structure and function In silico models 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Risk analysis (engineering) Medicine business |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Clinical Medicine Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 3444, p 3444 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2077-0383 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/jcm10153444 |
| Popis: | Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Modeling the physiology of the human placenta is still a challenge, despite the great number of scientific advancements made in the field. Animal models cannot fully replicate the structure and function of the human placenta and pose ethical and financial hurdles. In addition, increasingly stricter animal welfare legislation worldwide is incentivizing the use of 3R (reduction, refinement, replacement) practices. What efforts have been made to develop alternative models for the placenta so far? How effective are they? How can we improve them to make them more predictive of human pathophysiology? To address these questions, this review aims at presenting and discussing the current models used to study phenomena at the placenta level: in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro and in silico. We describe the main achievements and opportunities for improvement of each type of model and critically assess their individual and collective impact on the pursuit of predictive studies of the placenta in line with the 3Rs and European legislation. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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